Temporal change (1988–1990) in sugar maple health, and factors associated with crown condition

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1776-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas C. Allen ◽  
Charles J. Barnett ◽  
Imants Millers ◽  
Denis Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Temporal Change ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Crown Transparency ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Foliage Density ◽  
Crown Dieback

Change in the health of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and associated northern hardwoods was evaluated for 3 years (1988–1990) in seven states and four provinces. Generally, levels of crown dieback and crown transparency (a measure of foliage density) in 165 stands decreased during this period. In 1990, less than 7% of all dominant–codominant sugar maples (n = 7317) exhibited crown dieback ≥ 20%. Significantly (p = 0.05) fewer of these maples were classified as having high crown transparency (≥ 30%) in 1990 compared with 1988. Crowns of maples that received moderate (31–60%) or heavy (> 60%) pear thrips (Taeniothripsinconsequens (Uzel)) damage for 1 year recovered the following year. Crowns of maples exposed to severe drought in 1988 (Wisconsin) continued to show the effects (high transparency) of this stress in 1990. A majority (69–71%) of the dominant–codominant sugar maples with high (≥ 20%) crown dieback had bole and (or) root damage. Of those maples with crown dieback ≥ 50%, 86% had bole and (or) root damage. The condition of sugar maple in operating sugar bushes and undisturbed stands was similar. The condition of sugar maple crowns was similar in locations presumably exposed to low, medium, and high levels of sulfate deposition.

Condition of the fine roots of sugar maple in different stages of decline

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Bauce ◽  
Douglas C. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Crown Dieback ◽  
Apparently Healthy

An 85-year-old even-aged northern hardwood stand was studied to elucidate relations between the crown condition of declining sugar maples, Acersaccharum Marsh., and the condition of maple fine roots. Declining sugar maples had lower fine-root biomass and fewer rootlet tips than apparently healthy trees. However, rootlet mortality did not differ significantly between crown dieback classes. Damage to fine roots caused by Ctenophora sp. was significantly greater on trees in advanced stages of decline.

Role of Armillaria calvescens and Glycobius speciosus in a sugar maple decline

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Bauce ◽  
Douglas C. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
One Year ◽  
Crown Dieback ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Sugar maple, Acersaccharum Marsh., decline may be reversible during early stages before secondary insects and fungi invade stressed trees. Treatment with boric acid reduced the regenerative capacity of Armillariacalvescens Bérubé & Dessureault rhizomorphs and the percent infection of trembling aspen, Populustremuloides Michx., stakes used as a bioassay. One year after treatment, crown condition and cambial electrical resistance of trees initially in early stages of crown dieback improved compared with controls. The crown condition of sugar maples previously attacked by the sugar maple borer, Glycobiusspeciosus (Say), did not improve during 5 years of observation, whereas 18% of uninfested trees in similar initial crown condition did improve. Sugar maple borer was more abundant in declining trees [Formula: see text] than is typical of nondeclining infested trees [Formula: see text]. Declining trees had more sugar maple borer damage than apparently healthy trees (no evidence of crown dieback). The borer and the fungus are important contributing agents that prevent recovery of many declining sugar maples.

scholarly journals A Survey to Evaluate Crown Condition of Forest, Roadside, and Urban Maple Trees in Ontario, 1987-1995

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Hopkin ◽  
Gordon M. Howse
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Forest Condition ◽  
General Improvement ◽  
Shallow Soils ◽  
Crown Dieback ◽  
Stem Cankers

Abstract Surveys of sugar maple trees, conducted in Ontario between 1987 and 1995, showed a general improvement in crown condition after 1990. Plots on the shallow soils of the Precambrian shield in central Ontario showed the highest levels of crown dieback in all years. This area was also defoliated at moderate-to-severe levels in 1988. Dieback levels on undefoliated plots were high in 1987-1988, but plots improved after 1988. Defoliated plots showed no improvement, and dieback remained high through 1995. Crown dieback was lower in forest and urban situations than at roadside plots. Roadside plots showed high levels of dieback and should be considered poor indicators of forest condition. Pest damage was recorded on all plot types. Sugar maple in both urban and roadside locations had a higher incidence of stem defects, stem canker, and stem insect damage than trees in forest plots. Root rots were most prevalent at roadside locations. Stem cankers, stem defects, and root rot were most common in the northern forest plots. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3): 141-145.

Incidence and condition of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae infections in the roots of sugar maple in relation to maple decline

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta A. Spitko ◽  
Terry A. Tattar ◽  
Richard A. Rohde
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
University Of Massachusetts ◽  
The University

Twelve sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) on the campus of the University of Massachusetts were selected for the study in spring 1977. Trees chosen ranged from healthy to severely declined and were assigned to crown-condition classes of increasing severity from I to IV. Whole root samples from each tree were cleared in 10% KOH and stained in trypan blue to assess the degree of vesicular–arbuscular infection. Five sections of secondary feeder roots from each tree were selected at random and examined under a microscope. The number of infected cortical cells per centimetre of roots was counted to give an estimate of percent mycorrhizal infection for each tree. An inverse relationship was found between the degree of decline shown by the crown and the amount of mycorrhizal infection in the roots. Trees of class I had young infections showing extensive arbuscule development and few vesicles. In classes II to IV there was a decrease in the number of cortical cells infected by the fungus and an increase in vesicle formation, at times to the point where cortical cells were disrupted by their presence. In class IV, arbuscules that were present had undergone digestion of the fine branches so that only the collars were in evidence. Soil pH and nutritional status were determined but no relationship was found between these factors and the health of the fungal symbiont in the roots.

Relationships among crown condition, growth, and stand nutrition in seven northern Vermont sugarbushes

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Wilmot ◽  
David S. Ellsworth ◽  
Melvin T. Tyree
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Crown Dieback

We compared growth with soil and foliar elemental composition in seven stands of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) in northern Vermont characterized by high or low incidence of crown dieback over the period 1989–1992. In stands with low-quality crown conditions, such as elevated crown dieback, long-term basal area growth rates were approximately half of those in stands with higher crown quality. Average annual basal area growth was 17.5 cm2 for dominant trees in these stands during the period 1953–1992 compared with 32.3 cm2 for trees in higher quality stands. The occurrence of elevated crown dieback was apparently unrelated to stand characteristics such as stand age, basal area, stem density, elevation, or aspect among the stands sampled. Stands with elevated crown dieback were found on soils characterized by low pH ( <4.0), low base cation pools (particularly Ca and Mg), and higher Al in soil surface horizons than higher quality stands. Over 4 years, sugar maple stands with elevated crown dieback exhibited significantly lower (P < 0.01) foliar Ca concentrations and somewhat lower foliar N and Mg than higher quality stands, while soil and foliar K were similar in both dieback classes. Among survey plots sampled in 1989, soil pH and Ca were strongly correlated with foliar Ca and K (P < 0.001). Soil pH, soil Ca, and foliar Ca were also strongly correlated with the level of crown dieback among plots and stands (P < 0.0001). Our results indicate that podzolic soils in northern Vermont may present marginal conditions for sugar maple growth in terms of soil pH and soil Ca availability, but that P and K pools appear to be sufficient for growth. While a lack of historical data prevents identification of long-term trends in nutrient availability in these soils, factors promoting losses of base cations from acidic, base-cation-poor Podzols may also exacerbate foliar nutrient deficiencies and thus affect the crown condition of sugarbushes in northern Vermont.

Etiology of sugar maple decline in four Pennsylvania stands

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2395-2402 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.E. Kolb ◽  
L.H. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Ring Analysis

Tree-ring analysis was used to study historical patterns of basal area increment (BAI) by healthy (0–5% dieback) and declined (greater than 30% dieback) overstory sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) in four stands in Pennsylvania. The objectives were to establish if and when BAI decreased in healthy and declined trees and to identify causal factors associated with decreased BAI. Reduction in BAI of declined compared with healthy trees was first evident following a series of defoliations and summer droughts in the mid-1960s and early 1970s. These stresses were followed by repeated damage by pear thrips (Taeniothripsinconsequens Uzel) in the 1980s and a drought in 1988, during which large reductions in BAI occurred for both declined and healthy trees in all stands. Foliar nutrient analysis of two stands suggested deficiency of Mg and Ca. Other factors hypothesized to be associated with this sugar maple decline as either predisposing or inciting factors include unusually warm winter temperatures in the 1980s and air pollution.

Discolouration and decay associated with paraformaldehyde-treated tapholes in sugar maple

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell S. Walters ◽  
Alex L. Shigo
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Final Measurement ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
And Control

More decay (higher incidence and greater total length of column) was associated with tapholes in mature sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) treated with a 250-mg paraformaldehyde pill than with control tapholes. This was apparent 20 months after treatment and at each successive examination to the final measurement at 56 months. Discoloured columns associated with pill-treated tapholes were longer than those associated with control tapholes for the first 8 months. From that time until the final measurement there were no statistically significant differences between lengths of discoloured columns associated with pill-treated and control tapholes. Cambial dieback occurred adjacent to many tapholes but there was no significant difference in closure rates of treated and control tapholes. Results were obtained from dissections and studies of 180 mature trees over a 56-month period in six locations in Vermont in one experiment, and from 75 trees over a 20-month period in three locations each in Vermont, Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan in another experiment. The results indicate that repeated use of paraformaldehyde will lead to rapid development of decay in sugar maple trees.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Pot-in-Pot Red and Sugar Maple

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Substrate Temperatures

Abstract Red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. ‘Green Mountain’) trees were grown in a 56 liter (15 gal) pot-in-pot system for two years. During the second year of production, root growth was observed through observation plates fitted into the container sidewalls, and shoot extension was periodically measured. Root growth began in early March, approximately one month before budbreak for both species. Root growth dramatically slowed down at the onset of budbreak, but quickly resumed and was concurrent with shoot elongation. Root growth slowed dramatically in the fall when substrate temperatures dropped to 5–7C (40–45F). Root growth stopped during the winter for red maple, but some nominal root growth continued throughout the winter for sugar maple. Red maples had over 5 times more total root length against observation plates at the end of the experiment than sugar maples.

Impact of Eutypella Canker on the Maple Resource of the Owen Sound and Wingham Forest Districts

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Positive Function ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Percentage Content ◽  
Timber Quality ◽  
Sugar Maples

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands of the Owen Sound and Wingham districts in southwestern Ontario were sampled to assess the importance of cankers caused by Eutypella parasitica Davidson and Lorenz. Stands in the Owen Sound District had Eutypella cankers on 7.4% of the sugar maples. Cankered trees had an average cull loss of 12.4% total cubic volume and 49.2% merchantable cubic volume. The incidence of cankering was significantly less for the Wingham District where maple stands have better overall timber quality than do stands in the Owen Sound District. The incidence of Eutypella canker was a positive function of the percentage content of maple in a stand, maple tree density, and maple tree size. Cull loss due to cankers was related to canker size and tree size and to the position of the canker with respect to log production. Regression models illustrating these relationships are presented.

Vigor and Nutrition vs. Sap Sugar Concentration in Sugar Maples

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Wilmot ◽  
Philip W. Brett ◽  
Melvin T. Tyree
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Volume Yield ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Crown Health ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Crown Dieback

Abstract Although maple dieback has received considerable recent attention in the Northeast, little has been reported about the relationship between sap sugar yield and crown health or crown nutrition. We measured sap sugar concentration (sweetness) in six northern Vermont maple stands in the springs of 1990-1992, and sap volume yield from tapholes at one stand in 1991. The stands differed in average crown dieback, canopy transparency, density, and mean dbh, as well as cation exchange capacity (CEC) of upper soil horizons. Sweetness of individual trees was correlated with sweetness measured the previous year (r > 0.72, P < 0.001) and with dbh (r > 0.45, P < 0.001), but correlations between sweetness and crown dieback or canopy transparency were low (r < 0.14). Sap volume was negatively correlated with crown dieback (r = -0.51, P = < 0.001). Possible explanations for these findings are discussed. Foliar nutrient status of trees was not well correlated with sap sweetness (r < 0.30). Affects of soil amendments, primarily cations, on sap sugar concentration were studied at three stands with low CEC. There were no treatment-dependent changes in sap sweetness 2 yr after the first fertilizer application. North. J. Appl. For. 12(4):156-162.

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