Ectomycorrhizal colonization of Picea engelmannii × Picea glauca seedlings planted across cut blocks of different sizes

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1856-1870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M Hagerman ◽  
Melanie D Jones ◽  
Gary E Bradfield ◽  
Stacey M Sakakibara
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Block Sizes ◽  
Overstory Trees

The purpose of this study, carried out at the Sicamous Creek Silvicultural Systems Trial located in the southern Interior of British Columbia, was to investigate the effects of cut block size and distance from the forest edge on patterns of ectomycorrhizal colonization and diversity at a subalpine forest. Non-mycorrhizal Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss seedlings were planted across cut blocks of three sizes (0.1, 1.0, and 10 ha) and in the uncut forest. In 1996 and 1997, seedlings were harvested after 13 weeks and examined for mycorrhizae. In 1996, diversity and richness of ectomycorrhizal types were significantly greater at forest plots and at plots located 2 m from the forest edge as compared with plots located >16 m into the cut block. In 1997, richness was again significantly reduced beyond 2 m. No differences in any of the diversity measures were detected between the different cut block sizes. The results of this study suggest that proximity to overstory trees may be more important than cut block size for patterns of ectomycorrhizal diversity and colonization. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to assess the accuracy of morphotyping and, in some cases, to identify the associated fungus by comparison with RFLP patterns generated by sporocarps.

Ectomycorrhizal colonization and richness of previously colonized, containerized Picea engelmannii does not vary across clearcuts when planted in mechanically site-prepared mounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1425-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie D Jones ◽  
Shannon M Hagerman ◽  
M Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Morphotypes ◽  
Native Fungi

The Sicamous Creek silviculture systems trial, which is located at a subalpine forest, comprises five replicated treatments. One-third of the timber volume was removed from 30-ha treatment units using cutblocks of 0.1, 1.0, or 10 ha or single-tree selection. Openings were mechanically site prepared by mounding and planted with nursery-grown containerized Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. seedlings. Seedlings were planted in mineral soil exposed by mounding in all four of the harvested treatments as well as in undisturbed soil in the uncut control treatment. Neither the overall ectomycorrhiza colonization nor the number of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes per seedling varied across the cutblocks or among cutblocks of different sizes. This is in contrast to earlier studies at this site that showed inoculum levels to be significantly higher at 2 m from the forest edge, within the rooting zone of forest trees. We hypothesize that the difference here is due either to (i) competition between native ectomycorrhizal fungi and the ectomycorrhizal fungi present on the spruce at planting or (ii) more homogeneous levels of inoculum in the mineral soil exposed by mounding. Fewer native fungi colonized these seedlings than the nonmycorrhizal seedlings from earlier studies, which had been planted between the mounds.

The impacts of broadcast burning after clear-cutting on the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with hybrid spruce seedlings in central British Columbia

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Mah ◽  
Linda E Tackaberry ◽  
Keith N Egger ◽  
Hugues B Massicotte
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Morphological and molecular (polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism) methods were used to assess ectomycorrhiza (ECM) diversity in naturally regenerating and planted Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss seedlings in two recently clear-cut sites, two clear-cut and broadcast burned sites, and two mature forests (>100 years) in central British Columbia. Based on 24 characterized ECM, burning did not affect overall diversity (Shannon, Simpson, Shannon evenness, and Margalef indices). However, the occurrence and relative abundance of some ECM morphotypes varied significantly. Hebeloma and a Russulaceae type 1 were more abundant and Cenococcum was less abundant in planted seedlings from cut-burned sites compared with those from clear-cut sites. E-strain, MRA, and Amphinema were more abundant in planted seedlings from both cut-burned and clear-cut sites compared with naturally regenerating seedlings from mature sites. ECM diversity of regenerating seedlings was significantly greater in mature forests compared with clear-cut sites and was greater in planted seedlings than naturally regenerating seedlings in clear-cut sites. Molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear-encoded ribosomal RNA gene repeat showed no significant differences among treatments or seedling type. Twenty-two genotypes were identified from eight common morphotypes: Cenococcum (one), Thelephora (two), E-strain, Tuber, Hebeloma, and Russulaceae type 1 (three each), MRA (four), and Amphinema (six). Hebeloma genotypes matched three for Amphinema; genotypes from unidentified lightly colonized tips matched those for E-strain, MRA, and Amphinema-Hebeloma.

Ectomycorrhizal colonization of Picea engelmannii × Picea glauca seedlings planted across cut blocks of different sizes

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1856-1870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M. Hagerman ◽  
Melanie D. Jones ◽  
Gary E. Bradfield ◽  
Stacey M. Sakakibara
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Colonization

Localization of the Br Polymorphism on a 144 bp Exon of the GPIa Gene and Its Application in Platelet DNA Typing

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (05) ◽  
pp. 651-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Kalb ◽  
Sentot Santoso ◽  
Katja Unkelbach ◽  
Volker Kiefel ◽  
Christian Mueller-Eckhardt
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Organization ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Human Platelet ◽  
Dna Typing ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Serological Typing ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Rflp Typing

SummaryAlloimmunization against the human platelet alloantigen system Br (HPA-5) is the second most common cause of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) in Caucasian populations. We have recently shown that a single base polymorphism at position 1648 on platelet mRNA coding for GPIa results in an aminoacid substitution at position 505 on the mature GPIa which is associated with the two serological defined Br phenotypes.Since DNA-typing of platelet alloantigens offers possibilities for useful clinical applications, we designed genomic DNA-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing for Br alloantigens. To establish this technique we analyzed the genomic organization of GPIa adjacent to the polymorphic base. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of blood cell DNA we have identified two introns (approximately 1.7 and 1.9 kb) flanking a 144 bp coding sequence of the GPIa gene encompassing the polymorphic base 1648. Based on the in- tron sequence, a PCR primer was constructed to amplify a 274 bp fragment which was used for allele-specific RFLP to determine the Br genotypes. The results of RFLP analysis using Mnll endonuclease obtained from 15 donors (2 Br37*, 2 Br^ and 11 Brb/b) correlate perfectly with serological typing by monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of platelet antigens (MAIPA) assay.

scholarly journals Identification of Phytoplasmas Representing Multiple New Genetic Lineages from Phloem-Feeding Leafhoppers Highlights the Diversity of Phytoplasmas and Their Potential Vectors

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Wei Wei ◽  
Valeria Trivellone ◽  
Christopher H. Dietrich ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Kristi D. Bottner-Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Genetic Subgroup ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Fresh Insight

Phytoplasmas are obligate transkingdom bacterial parasites that infect a variety of plant species and replicate in phloem-feeding insects in the order Hemiptera, mainly leafhoppers (Cicadellidae). The insect capacity in acquisition, transmission, survival, and host range directly determines the epidemiology of phytoplasmas. However, due to the difficulty of insect sampling and the lack of follow-up transmission trials, the confirmed phytoplasma insect hosts are still limited compared with the identified plant hosts. Recently, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based quick screening of 227 leafhoppers collected in natural habitats unveiled the presence of previously unknown phytoplasmas in six samples. In the present study, 76 leafhoppers, including the six prescreened positive samples, were further examined to identify and characterize the phytoplasma strains by semi-nested PCR. A total of ten phytoplasma strains were identified in leafhoppers from four countries including South Africa, Kyrgyzstan, Australia, and China. Based on virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, these ten phytoplasma strains were classified into four distinct ribosomal (16Sr) groups (16SrI, 16SrIII, 16SrXIV, and 16SrXV), representing five new subgroups (16SrI-AO, 16SrXIV-D, 16SrXIV-E, 16SrXIV-F, and 16SrXV-C). The results strongly suggest that the newly identified phytoplasma strains not only represent new genetic subgroup lineages, but also extend previously undiscovered geographical distributions. In addition, ten phytoplasma-harboring leafhoppers belonged to seven known leafhopper species, none of which were previously reported insect vectors of phytoplasmas. The findings from this study provide fresh insight into genetic diversity, geographical distribution, and insect host range of phytoplasmas. Further transmission trials and screening of new potential host plants and weed reservoirs in areas adjacent to collection sites of phytoplasma harboring leafhoppers will contribute to a better understanding of phytoplasma transmission and epidemiology.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Classification of Phytoplasmas Associated with Canola Yellows and a New Phytoplasma Strain Associated with Dandelions

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keri Wang ◽  
Chuji Hiruki
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Dna Fragments ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Distinct Subgroup ◽  
16S Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Polymerase Chain

DNA isolated from symptomatic canola (Brassica napus, Brassica rapa) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) was used to amplify 16S ribosomal DNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction using two pairs of universal primers P1/P6 and R16F2n/R2. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplified DNA fragments using endonucleases AluI, HhaI, HpaII, MseI, RsaI, and Sau 3AI revealed two distinct types of phytoplasmas in canola with similar symptoms. One had the same RFLP profiles as the phytoplasmas in subgroup 16SrI-A, whereas the other one had RFLP profiles similar to those of phytoplasmas in subgroup 16SrI-B. Phytoplasmas were detected in symptomatic dandelion plants that were collected from canola and alfalfa fields where severe alfalfa witches'-broom occurred. Comparative studies indicated that two different phytoplasmas were associated with the dandelion plants. One was identified as a member of subgroup 16SrI-A, whereas another one was classified as a member of a distinct subgroup in the aster yellows group on the basis of the unique RFLP patterns.

Script Identification of Camera Based Bilingual Document Images Using SFTA Features

2022 ◽  
pp. 811-822
Author(s):  
B.V. Dhandra ◽  
Satishkumar Mallappa ◽  
Gururaj Mukarambi
Keyword(s):  
Block Size ◽  
Texture Features ◽  
Input Image ◽  
Document Image ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Document Images ◽  
Binary Images ◽  
Script Identification ◽  
Unified Algorithm ◽  
Block Sizes

In this article, the exhaustive experiment is carried out to test the performance of the Segmentation based Fractal Texture Analysis (SFTA) features with nt = 4 pairs, and nt = 8 pairs, geometric features and their combinations. A unified algorithm is designed to identify the scripts of the camera captured bi-lingual document image containing International language English with each one of Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Bengali, Oriya, Punjabi, and Urdu scripts. The SFTA algorithm decomposes the input image into a set of binary images from which the fractal dimension of the resulting regions are computed in order to describe the segmented texture patterns. This motivates use of the SFTA features as the texture features to identify the scripts of the camera-based document image, which has an effect of non-homogeneous illumination (Resolution). An experiment is carried on eleven scripts each with 1000 sample images of block sizes 128 × 128, 256 × 256, 512 × 512 and 1024 × 1024. It is observed that the block size 512 × 512 gives the maximum accuracy of 86.45% for Gujarathi and English script combination and is the optimal size. The novelty of this article is that unified algorithm is developed for the script identification of bilingual document images.

scholarly journals Association of growth hormone (GH) gene polymorphism with growth and carcass in Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Agung ◽  
S. Anwar ◽  
W. P. B. Putra ◽  
M. S. A. Zein ◽  
A. S. Wulandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Gh Gene ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Dressing Percentage

A study was conducted to identify the polymorphism in the intron 3 of the Growth Hormone (GH) gene and also to evaluate the association of the GH gene polymorphism with growth parameters and dressing percentage in the Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle. A total of 267 individual DNA samples were used in the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. The SO cattle growth parameters data (n=44) including birth weight (BW), weaning weight at 205 days of age (WW205), yearling weight at 365 days of age (YW365) and also dressing percentage (DP) (n=122) were investigated in this study. There were three genotypes (AA, AB, and BB) of the GH gene based on the PCR-RFLP analysis with allele frequency was 0.87 and 0.13 for A allele and B allele respectively. The highest genotype frequency in the SO cattle is AA (0.76) and the lowest is BB (0.02). The Heterozygosity Observed (Ho) value in the SO cattle population is 0.23 and Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value is 0.20. Therefore, the genetic diversity in the SO cattle based on the GH gene polymorphism is quite low. There is no association (P>0.05) in BW, WW205, YW365, and DP with genotypes of the GH gene. As the result, the GH gene in this study cannot be used as a genetic marker in the SO cattle breeding program.

Shoulder Ice Barrier Ice Tank Testing—Part II: Estimation of Breaking Length and Block Size Using Image Analysis

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada H. V. Repetto-Llamazares ◽  
Ove T. Gudmestad ◽  
Arne Gu¨rtner ◽  
Knut V. Ho̸yland
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Characteristic Change ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Breaking Length ◽  
Ice Failure ◽  
Block Sizes

When studying ice interaction on sloped structures, a key parameter that is usually reported after experiments and observations either in Full Scale or Model Scale is the breaking length associated with the ice failure. Moreover, either for numerical modeling or load calculations the size of the blocks generated during ice-structure interaction that accumulates rubble is of importance. In this paper, the technique of image analysis has been used to obtain values of the breaking length and the ice block sizes generated during model tests of a Shoulder Ice Barrier (SIB)-ice interaction. The model tests were performed in the Hamburg Ship Model Basin (HSVA) during July 2007. Since the SIB represents a new concept in ice barrier structures, model tests were intended to evaluate its general performance. A brief description of the model tests and the image analysis technique used to analyze the data is done. A total of five experiments where ice thickness, ice flexural strength and shoulder inclination were varied, are analyzed. Results of the breaking length analysis show that there is a characteristic change in the breaking length associated with the transition from ice interactions on the bare structure (Phase 1) and interaction onto accumulated rubble (Phase 2). Average values of the breaking length of both phases for each experiment are presented. Since the information regarding breaking length in structures that accumulate rubble is sparse, the experimental results of Phase 1, where the rubble accumulation is still small, are compared with the predictions from three different models presented in the literature for sloped structures, under similar ice conditions, that do not accumulate rubble. The comparison allows concluding that the breaking phenomenon is being reasonably well modeled in the experiments. The block sizes of the upper layer of the accumulated rubble were analyzed and the block length and width distributions were found for each experiment. A linear trend was found between block size and ice thickness. A linear fitting of the data was performed in order to obtain simple equations which give an upper limit of the length and width of the ice blocks generated during the SIB-ice interaction as function of the ice thickness. The results may apply for ice interaction on sloped structures in general as well.

THE PRECISION OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH VEGETABLE CROPS AS INFLUENCED BY PLOT AND BLOCK SIZE AND SHAPE.: II. CANNING PEAS

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-404
Author(s):  
I. L. Nonnecke
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Yield Variability ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Optimum Size ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Block Sizes ◽  
Uniform Reduction

In 1957, vine and shelled pea weights of canning peas from an irrigated uniformity trial were recorded to determine the effect on yield variability of varying plot and block sizes and shapes. The most uniform reduction in variation occurred in block shapes of one plot long and six plots wide with each increase in plot length. These results agree with those of other workers, that long, narrow blocks are more efficient than square blocks. The optimum plot size was found to be 5 feet long and 10 feet wide. Considerably more shelled peas were required for processing than could be obtained from the optimum size of plot for yield.

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