THE TOXICITY OF BENZYLPENICILLIN IN ANIMALS ON VITAMIN A DEFICIENT TEST DIET, U.S.P. XIV

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1685-1692
Author(s):  
Eldon M. Boyd ◽  
Dorothy A. Mulrooney ◽  
Everett J. Sargeant
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Test Diet ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Effect Change ◽  
Unknown Factor ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Young, adult albino mice and rats became more susceptible to the acute and chronic toxic effects of benzylpenicillin after they had been fed vitamin A deficient test diet, U.S.P. XIV, for about 1 month. At and after this interval, there occurred a significant increase in the percentage mortality from a single oral or subcutaneous LD50 of benzylpenicillin in mice and the chronic toxicity of a daily oral 0.1 L-LD50 of benzylpenicillin was augmented in rats. Replacement of vitamin A, in the deficient diet or by daily intramuscular injection, did not affect the increased susceptibility to benzylpenicillin toxicity. A dietary supplement containing nine other vitamins was also without effect. Change in diet alone was not a factor since rats did not become appreciably more susceptible to the toxic effects of a daily oral 0.1 L-LD50 of benzylpenicillin when their diet was changed from a standard laboratory chow to a rachitogenic test diet. Some unknown factor or factors in vitamin A deficient test diet, U.S.P. XIV, therefore, made the animals more susceptible to the toxic effects of benzylpenicillin.

THE TOXICITY OF BENZYLPENICILLIN IN ANIMALS ON VITAMIN A DEFICIENT TEST DIET, U.S.P. XIV

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1685-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon M. Boyd ◽  
Dorothy A. Mulrooney ◽  
Everett J. Sargeant
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Test Diet ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Effect Change ◽  
Unknown Factor ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Young, adult albino mice and rats became more susceptible to the acute and chronic toxic effects of benzylpenicillin after they had been fed vitamin A deficient test diet, U.S.P. XIV, for about 1 month. At and after this interval, there occurred a significant increase in the percentage mortality from a single oral or subcutaneous LD50 of benzylpenicillin in mice and the chronic toxicity of a daily oral 0.1 L-LD50 of benzylpenicillin was augmented in rats. Replacement of vitamin A, in the deficient diet or by daily intramuscular injection, did not affect the increased susceptibility to benzylpenicillin toxicity. A dietary supplement containing nine other vitamins was also without effect. Change in diet alone was not a factor since rats did not become appreciably more susceptible to the toxic effects of a daily oral 0.1 L-LD50 of benzylpenicillin when their diet was changed from a standard laboratory chow to a rachitogenic test diet. Some unknown factor or factors in vitamin A deficient test diet, U.S.P. XIV, therefore, made the animals more susceptible to the toxic effects of benzylpenicillin.

The Effect of Vitamin A on the Intermittent Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Exposure in Hamsters

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
J.C.S. Kim ◽  
M.G. Jourden ◽  
E.S. Carlisle
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Intermittent Exposure ◽  
Hypovitaminosis A ◽  
Gas Exposure

Chronic exposure to nitrogen dioxide in rodents has shown that injury reaches a maximum after 24 hours, and a reparative adaptive phase follows (1). Damage occurring in the terminal bronchioles and proximal portions of the alveolar ducts in rats has been extensively studied by both light and electron microscopy (1).The present study was undertaken to compare the response of lung tissue to intermittent exposure to 10 ppm of nitrogen dioxide gas for 4 hours per week, while the hamsters were on a vitamin A deficient diet. Ultrastructural observations made from lung tissues obtained from non-gas exposed, hypovitaminosis A animals and gas exposed animals fed a regular commercially prepared diet have been compared to elucidate the specific effect of vitamin A on nitrogen dioxide gas exposure. The interaction occurring between vitamin A and nitrogen dioxide gas has not previously been investigated.

scholarly journals Illuminating the Role of Vitamin A in Skin Innate Immunity and the Skin Microbiome: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Fritzlaine C. Roche ◽  
Tamia A. Harris-Tryon
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Disease ◽  
Skin Immunity ◽  
Impaired Immune Response ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in skin immunity. Deficiencies in Vitamin A have been linked to impaired immune response and increased susceptibility to skin infections and inflammatory skin disease. This narrative review summarizes recent primary evidence that elucidates the role of vitamin A and its derivatives on innate immune regulators through mechanisms that promote skin immunity and sustain the skin microbiome.

Vitamin A Status and Hepatic Drug Metabolism in the Rat

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Becking
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Hepatic Drug Metabolism ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Hepatic Drug ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Cytochrome P 450 ◽  
Liver Vitamin

The effect of vitamin A status on hepatic drug metabolism was studied in rats. Animals were fed diets with and without vitamin A for 20 and 25 days. Weight gains of control and deficient animals were not significantly different, whereas liver vitamin A levels had decreased to less than 10% of control animals after 20 days and were essentially zero after eating the deficient diet for 25 days. Aniline metabolism in vitro and aminopyrine metabolism in vitro and in vivo were significantly lower in male weanling rats fed a vitamin A deficient diet for 20 days. No alteration in in vitro p-nitrobenzoic acid metabolism was noted after 25 days on the test. Vitamin A deficiency did not alter microsomal protein levels or cytochrome c reductase activity but deficient animals did have a lower microsomal cytochrome P-450 content. Hepatic enzyme activities and cytochrome P-450 levels were restored to values approaching those found in control animals by feeding vitamin A deficient rats the vitamin A containing diet for 21 days. Liver vitamin A levels were markedly increased after re-feeding studies but were still significantly lower than control animals.

Metabolic Studies on the Mechanisms of Increased Susceptibility of Weanling Rats to Parathion

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 902-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Gagné ◽  
Jules Brodeur
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Intravenous Route ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Renal Handling ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Equitoxic doses of 32P-parathion (1.5 mg/kg in weanlings of both sexes, 2.0 mg/kg in adult females, and 3.1 mg/kg in adult males) were given by the intravenous route to immature and adult rats in order to investigate the respective contribution of biotransformation, distribution, and excretion phenomena to the increased susceptibility of weanling rats to the acute toxic effects of parathion. At various intervals, the animals were sacrified and the amounts of parathion, paraoxon, diethylphosphorothioic acid, and diethylphosphoric acid in the liver, kidneys, tibial muscle, plasma, brain, adipose tissue, and urine were determined. In vitro metabolism of 32P-parathion by liver homogenates was also investigated. The results obtained suggest that weanlings are more susceptible to parathion than adults mainly because of deficient hepatic mechanisms for degradation of parathion and its toxic metabolite, paraoxon. In addition, the brain tissue of weanlings appears to be more sensitive to the toxic effects of paraoxon than the brain of male adults. On the other hand, the passage of parathion and paraoxon across the blood–brain barrier does not seem to be facilitated in weanlings by comparison with adults. Finally, there is no evidence that the renal handling of parathion and its metabolites might influence the acute toxicity of parathion in weanling and adult rats.

Induction of hepatic mixed-function oxidases by permethrin and cypermethrin in chicks fed vitamin A-deficient diet

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randhir K. Kapoor ◽  
S.S. Chauhan ◽  
Navneet Singh ◽  
U.K. Misra
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidases

scholarly journals The effect of vitamin A deficiency on hepatic, renal and pulmonary glutathione S-transferase activities in the rat

1980 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 889-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z H Siddik ◽  
E G Mimnaugh ◽  
M A Trush ◽  
T E Gram
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Chemical Carcinogens ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Liver Cytosol ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases ◽  
The Relationship

Feeding male weanling rats on a vitamin A-deficient diet for 6 weeks resulted in significant increases (44-57%) in glutathione S-aryl-, S-aralkyl- S-alkyl- and S-epoxidetransferase activities in the liver cytosol. Only the S-aralkyl- (27%) and S-alkyltransferase (14%) activities were significantly increased in the kidney as a result of deficiency. There was no effect on any of the pulmonary glutathione S-transferase activities. The increases in hepatic transferase activities were due primarily to increases (25-96%) in the apparent Vmax. There were no changes in the apparant Km of any of the four drug substrates employed. With 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene as the second substrate, the apparent Km for glutathione was increased by over 2-fold in vitamin A-deficient livers as compared with controls. The relationship between these results and enhanced susceptibility to chemical carcinogens in vitamin A deficiency is briefly discussed, and comparison is made between the effects of this nutritional state and pretreatment with drug inducers on the glutathione S-transferases.

Association of dietary intake below recommendations and micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy and low birthweight

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 724-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari Shankar ◽  
Neeta Kumar ◽  
Rajat Sandhir ◽  
Mrigendra Pal Singh ◽  
Suneeta Mittal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Micronutrient Status ◽  
Chi Squared

Abstract Background Pregnancy is associated with biochemical changes leading to increased nutritional demands for the developing fetus that result in altered micronutrient status. The Indian dietary pattern is highly diversified and the data about dietary intake patterns, blood micronutrient profiles and their relation to low birthweight (LBW) is scarce. Methods Healthy pregnant women (HPW) were enrolled and followed-up to their assess dietary intake of nutrients, micronutrient profiles and birthweight using a dietary recall method, serum analysis and infant weight measurements, respectively. Results At enrolment, more than 90% of HPW had a dietary intake below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). A significant change in the dietary intake pattern of energy, protein, fat, vitamin A and vitamin C (P < 0.001) was seen except for iron (Fe) [chi-squared (χ2) = 3.16, P = 0.177]. Zinc (Zn) deficiency, magnesium deficiency (MgDef) and anemia ranged between 54–67%, 18–43% and 33–93% which was aggravated at each follow-up visit (P ≤ 0.05). MgDef was significantly associated with LBW [odds ratio (OR): 4.21; P = 0.01] and the risk exacerbate with the persistence of deficiency along with gestation (OR: 7.34; P = 0.04). Pre-delivery (OR: 0.57; P = 0.04) and postpartum (OR: 0.37; P = 0.05) anemia, and a vitamin A-deficient diet (OR: 3.78; P = 0.04) were significantly associated with LBW. LBW risk was much higher in women consuming a vitamin A-deficient diet throughout gestation compared to vitamin A-sufficient dietary intake (OR: 10.00; P = 0.05). Conclusion The studied population had a dietary intake well below the RDA. MgDef, anemia and a vitamin A-deficient diet were found to be associated with an increased likelihood of LBW. Nutrient enrichment strategies should be used to combat prevalent micronutrient deficiencies and LBW.

Comparative Value of Three Sources of Vitamins A and D for Fattening Pigs

1954 ◽  
Vol 1954 ◽  
pp. 45-47
Author(s):  
R. S. Barber ◽  
R. Braude ◽  
M. E. Coates ◽  
G. F. Harrison ◽  
K. G. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
List Type ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Commercial Preparation ◽  
Single Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Fattening Pigs

The efficacy of three sources of vitamins A and D supplements was tested in an experiment with fattening pigs involving the following four treatments :(1) Control—basal meal.(2) As control, but at one week of age the pigs had been given a single intramuscular injection of a commercial preparation, supplying 500,000 i.u. of vitamin A and 100,000 i.u. of vitamin D3.(3) Basal meal + 1 % cod-liver oil (containing 500 i.u./g. of vitamin A and 68 i.u./g. of vitamin 3), supplying 2,270 i.u. of vitamin A and 309 i.u. of vitamin D3 per lb. of diet.(4) Basal meal + synthetic vitamins A and D concentrate (containing 50,000 i.u./g. of vitamin A and 5,000 i.u./g. of vitamin D3), added to supply 2,250 i.u. of vitamin A and 300 i.u. of vitamin D3 per lb. of diet.The basal meal which was the standard fattening diet used at Shinfield consisted of: fine miller’s offal 50, barley meal 30, flaked maize 10, white fish meal 10, all parts by weight. It should be noted that the diet contained a precursor of vitamin A, and it was calculated that this would provide about one-third of the recommended allowance of vitamin A for fattening pigs.

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