The role of the ileum in the control of food intake and intestinal adaptation

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry S. Koopmans
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Intestinal Adaptation ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Jejunoileal Bypass ◽  
Conditioned Aversion ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Intestinal Infusion ◽  
Lower Ileum

Studies on animals that drastically reduce their food intake after having a jejunoileal bypass or an ileal transposition surgery suggest that the lower ileum may play a major role in the control of daily food intake. In this study, eight rats were given slow continuous infusions of either 18, 28, or 38 mL of their normal liquid diet directly into their upper ileum. They reduced their daily intake in a compensatory way for the two smaller infusions and in a more than compensatory way for the large infusion. The later result suggests that the large infusion may have caused the rats some discomfort, which led to a lower food intake. This was tested in a conditioned aversion paradigm with an ileal infusion of 26 mL of the diet into eight naive rats. These rats showed a strong aversion to the ileal infusion. Infusion of the same amount of diet into the stomach of eight other rats failed to demonstrate an aversion and showed that the procedures of the experiment did not produce the aversion. The infusion of relatively small amounts of liquid diet into the ileum produces an internal signal that reduces intake and is regulatory. A second process in which ileal infusion causes discomfort leads eventually to a more than regulatory decrease in daily intake.Key words: food intake, intestinal infusion, ileal, conditioned aversion.

Inter-age correlations of body weight, weight gain and food intake within and between breeds of cattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Thiessen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Average Daily Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Very High ◽  
High Range

ABSTRACTIn a multibreed experiment, 292 heifers from 25 British cattle breeds were fed a standard pelleted diet ad libitum from 12 to 72 weeks of age. Inter-age correlations involving body weight, weight gain, average daily food intake and cumulated food intake were measured across traits at the same age and within and across traits at ages separated by an interval of 12, 24, 36 and 48 weeks. Within-breed correlations were phenotypic but between-breed correlations were genetic.The between-breed inter-age correlations involving body weight, cumulated intake and average daily intake were all very high (range 104 to 0·94) and declined only gradually as the intervening age interval increased from 12 to 48 weeks. Inter-age correlations involving weight gain were lower but usually above 0·7. The within-breed correlations by contrast were invariably lower and declined much more rapidly as the age interval increased. Although the between-breed and within-breed correlations differed in magnitude there was a similarity in their overall pattern.For breed samples, body weight at young ages provided very accurate rankings at later ages for body weight, cumulated intake and average daily intake. Body weight was almost as reliable as food intake itself for predicting cumulated intake.For individuals within breeds predicted rankings at later ages were not very accurate for body weight or cumulated intake and they became worse as the age interval increased. Neither weight gain nor average daily intake could be predicted with any reliability.Inter-age correlations while dependant on age interval did not depend on age itself in the case of body weight and cumulated intake, although they were age-dependant for weight gain and to a lesser extent for average daily intake. Reciprocal correlations between body weight and cumulated intake were very symmetrical whereas those involving weight gain and daily intake were asymmetrical.

Feeding Ecology of the Nocturnal Gecko Hemidactylus brookii in Ghana

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe diet of Hemidactylus brookii captured at Legon, Ghana, during July was composed entirely of arthropods; Lepidoptera larvae and cockroaches formed 40% of the total weight of food. Daily food intake during the dry season estimated from production of excretory urates was equivalent to that of small diurnal lizards, and given by the relationship F = 20.9W0.51 where F = food consumption in mg dry weight per day and W = live weight in grams. Daily intake during the wet season was variable and often reduced.

The role of IV alanine in reducing daily food intake

Appetite ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
H.S. Koopmans ◽  
J. Chan ◽  
P. Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food

Ambient Temperature and Food Behavior of Consumer: A Case Study of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Zhang ◽  
Hua Liao ◽  
Fang-Zhi Wang ◽  
Ru Li
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Multiple Alternative ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
High And Low Temperatures

AbstractHuman behaviors are believed to be sensitive to environmental conditions. However, little is known about the role of temperature in individual daily behaviors. We examine the links between temperature and food intake using nearly one million purchasing records from China. The results show that a 1-degree Celsius increase in temperature would cause a 0.11% decrease in food intake, which amounts to 4.2 million U.S. dollars of daily food expenditures nationwide. Moreover, females appear to be more sensitive to the temperature in their food intake than males. Besides, we observe a U-shaped relationship between the temperature and the willingness to order a take-out online, and this observation is robust under multiple alternative estimations. Our results indicate that a higher temperature would reduce energy demand for body thermoregulation, resulting in less food intake. Both extreme high and low temperatures can cause disutility. Therefore, the consumers who still want to satisfy their needs for food intake feel compelled to alter their willingness to pay under the extreme temperature events. The quantitative analysis can provide helpful references for modeling the climate-consumer relationship in the IAM model. Thus, it is an interesting avenue for future research to bridge the climate and consumers to identify welfare loss and inequality due to climate change.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Food Intake in Patients with Cirrhosis Waiting for Liver Transplantation: A Neglected Step in the Nutritional Assessment

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Palmese ◽  
Ilaria Bolondi ◽  
Ferdinando Antonino Giannone ◽  
Giacomo Zaccherini ◽  
Manuel Tufoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Nutritional Disorder ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Simple Carbohydrates ◽  
The Individual

Patients with cirrhosis waiting for liver transplantation (LT) frequently present a nutritional disorder, which represents an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality before and after transplantation. Thus, a proper assessment of the food intake by using different methods, such as food records, food frequency questionnaires, and 24 h recall, should be deemed an important step of the nutritional management of these patients. The available published studies indicate that the daily food intake is inadequate in the majority of waitlisted patients. These findings were confirmed by our experience, showing that the daily intake of total calories, proteins and carbohydrates was inadequate in approximately 85–95% of patients, while that of lipids and simple carbohydrates was inadequate in almost 50% of them. These data highlight the need to implement an effective educational program provided by certified nutritionists or dieticians, who should work in close collaboration with the hepatologist to provide a nutritional intervention tailored to the individual patient requirements.

Risk Assessment of Sulphite Exposure through Foods Among Adolescents of Delhi (India)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 685-693
Author(s):  
Arushi Jain ◽  
Pulkit Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Permissible Levels

Background: Sulphites added as preservatives in food have been associated with adverse health effects in humans. Objective: The present study was designed with an objective of assessing the risk of sulphite exposure through food in adolescents (12-16 years old) of Delhi, India. Methods: A total of 1030 adolescents selected from four private and four government schools of Delhi, were asked to record their food intake using a 24 hour food record, repeated on three days, for assessing exposure to sulphites. The risk was assessed using six different scenarios of exposure. Results: The actual intake for sulphites for average consumers was 0.15 ± 0.13 mg / kg b.w. / day which was 21.4% of acceptable daily intake (ADI). For high consumers (P95), it was 65% of the ADI. However, for 2 respondents, the actual intake exceeded the ADI. The major food contributors to sulphite intake were beverage concentrates (46%), ready to serve beverages (22%) followed by miscellaneous food items (16%), mainly ice creams and snowballs. Estimation of sulphite intake using different exposure scenarios revealed that for certain scenarios where the highest reported sulphite level or maximum permissible levels were considered for calculation, the high consumers exceeded the ADI, though, for average consumers, intake was well below the ADI. Conclusion: Actual intake of sulphite for average consumers was well below the ADI but for high consumers was approaching the ADI. People with sulphite sensitivity need to be aware of hidden food sources of sulphites.

scholarly journals Gastric Sensory and Motor Functions and Energy Intake in Health and Obesity—Therapeutic Implications

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1158
Author(s):  
Lizeth Cifuentes ◽  
Michael Camilleri ◽  
Andres Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Gastric Volume ◽  
Obesity Management ◽  
Bariatric Endoscopy ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Intestinal Functions

Sensory and motor functions of the stomach, including gastric emptying and accommodation, have significant effects on energy consumption and appetite. Obesity is characterized by energy imbalance; altered gastric functions, such as rapid gastric emptying and large fasting gastric volume in obesity, may result in increased food intake prior to reaching usual fullness and increased appetite. Thus, many different interventions for obesity, including different diets, anti-obesity medications, bariatric endoscopy, and surgery, alter gastric functions and gastrointestinal motility. In this review, we focus on the role of the gastric and intestinal functions in food intake, pathophysiology of obesity, and obesity management.

scholarly journals The role of gut microbiota and amino metabolism in the effects of improvement of islet β-cell function after modified jejunoileal bypass

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai Tan ◽  
Zhihua Zheng ◽  
Xiaogang Wan ◽  
Jiaqing Cao ◽  
Ran Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Jejunoileal Bypass ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
Branched Chain

AbstractThe change in gut microbiota is an important mechanism of the amelioration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after bariatric surgery. Here, we observe that the modified jejunoileal bypass effectively decreases body weight gain, fasting blood glucose, and lipids level in serum; additionally, islet β-cell function, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance were markedly ameliorated. The hypoglycemic effect and the improvement in islet β-cell function depend on the changes in gut microbiota structure. modified jejunoileal bypass increases the abundance of gut Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus and the levels of serum glycine, histidine, and glutamine in T2DM rats; and decreases the abundance of Prevotella copri and the levels of serum branched chain amino acids, which are significantly related to the improvement of islet β-cell function in T2DM rats. Our results suggest that amino acid metabolism may contribute to the islet β-cell function in T2DM rats after modified jejunoileal bypass and that improving gut microbiota composition is a potential therapeutic strategy for T2DM.

scholarly journals SAT-604 The Role of the Focal Adhesion Kinase Family in Leptin Receptor Signaling

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen Hadley ◽  
Isin Cakir ◽  
Roger D Cone
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Focal Adhesion Kinase ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Cytokine Receptor ◽  
Receptor Signaling ◽  
Kinase Family ◽  
Stat3 Phosphorylation

Abstract Overweight and obesity are global concerns affecting nearly one third of the world population. These conditions are characterized by increased adiposity and are accompanied by a proportional increase in circulating leptin, an anorexigenic adipokine. Leptin is responsible for signaling peripheral energy status to the central nervous system to modulate food intake and energy expenditure. As such, neurons within the hypothalamus expressing the long isoform of leptin receptor (LepRb), a type I cytokine receptor, are primarily responsible for mediating the effects of leptin, which signal predominantly through the JAK2-STAT3 transduction mechanism. STAT3 is a latent transcription factor activated upon phosphorylation, which triggers its homodimerization and nuclear translocation. Evidence, however, for JAK2-independent, STAT3-dependent leptin receptor signaling mechanisms exist. FAK (focal adhesion kinase, Ptk2) and Pyk2 (protein tyrosine kinase 2b, Ptk2b) are a subset of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases and comprise the focal adhesion kinase family. FAK and Pyk2 are implicated in the regulation of cytokine receptor signaling. Furthermore, Pyk2 knockout mice have an obesity prone phenotype. Here, we studied the role of the focal adhesion kinases in leptin receptor signaling using genetic and pharmacological approaches. We found that overexpression of Pyk2 or FAK increased STAT3 phosphorylation (activation). Overexpression of a FAK or Pyk2 construct with impaired kinase activity, however, attenuated STAT3 phosphorylation, suggesting the increase in STAT3 phosphorylation is largely dependent upon kinase activity of FAK/Pyk2. Treatment of cells with a small molecule dual inhibitor of FAK and Pyk2 (PF431396) attenuated leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in a mouse hypothalamic cell line. Importantly, this effect is independent of JAK2, as PF treatment of two independent JAK2-deficient cell lines exhibited similar attenuation of leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. To assess the physiological relevance of FAK/Pyk2 in leptin receptor signaling in vivo, we administered PF compound to the lateral ventricle of 24-hour fasted lean wild-type mice followed by peripheral leptin administration. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of PF suppressed the anorectic effect of leptin as evidenced by impaired inhibition of food intake upon refeeding. Accordingly, analysis of total hypothalamic lysates from these mice showed ICV PF impaired leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Taken together, these data suggest that Pyk2 and/or FAK play a role in leptin signal transduction.

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