Risk Assessment of Sulphite Exposure through Foods Among Adolescents of Delhi (India)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 685-693
Author(s):  
Arushi Jain ◽  
Pulkit Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Permissible Levels

Background: Sulphites added as preservatives in food have been associated with adverse health effects in humans. Objective: The present study was designed with an objective of assessing the risk of sulphite exposure through food in adolescents (12-16 years old) of Delhi, India. Methods: A total of 1030 adolescents selected from four private and four government schools of Delhi, were asked to record their food intake using a 24 hour food record, repeated on three days, for assessing exposure to sulphites. The risk was assessed using six different scenarios of exposure. Results: The actual intake for sulphites for average consumers was 0.15 ± 0.13 mg / kg b.w. / day which was 21.4% of acceptable daily intake (ADI). For high consumers (P95), it was 65% of the ADI. However, for 2 respondents, the actual intake exceeded the ADI. The major food contributors to sulphite intake were beverage concentrates (46%), ready to serve beverages (22%) followed by miscellaneous food items (16%), mainly ice creams and snowballs. Estimation of sulphite intake using different exposure scenarios revealed that for certain scenarios where the highest reported sulphite level or maximum permissible levels were considered for calculation, the high consumers exceeded the ADI, though, for average consumers, intake was well below the ADI. Conclusion: Actual intake of sulphite for average consumers was well below the ADI but for high consumers was approaching the ADI. People with sulphite sensitivity need to be aware of hidden food sources of sulphites.

scholarly journals Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinyoung Jun ◽  
Sangah Shin ◽  
Hyojee Joung
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
Flavonoid Intake ◽  
Composition Table ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

AbstractEpidemiological studies have suggested that flavonoids exhibit preventive effects on degenerative diseases. However, lack of sufficient data on flavonoid intake has limited evaluating the proposed effects in populations. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the total and individual flavonoid intakes among Korean adults and determine the major dietary sources of these flavonoids. We constructed a flavonoid database of common Korean foods, based on the food list reported in the 24-h recall of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2007–2012, using data from the Korea Functional Food Composition Table, US Department of Agriculture flavonoid database, Phenol-Explorer database and other analytical studies. This database, which covers 49 % of food items and 76 % of food intake, was linked with the 24-h recall data of 33 581 subjects aged ≥19 years in the KNHANES 2007–2012. The mean daily intake of total flavonoids in Korean adults was 318·0 mg/d, from proanthocyanidins (22·3 %), flavonols (20·3 %), isoflavones (18·1 %), flavan-3-ols (16·2 %), anthocyanidins (11·6 %), flavanones (11·3 %) and flavones (0·3 %). The major contributing food groups to the flavonoid intake were fruits (54·4 %), vegetables (20·5 %), legumes and legume products (16·2 %) and beverages and alcohols (3·1 %), and the major contributing food items were apples (21·9 %), mandarins (12·5 %), tofu (11·5 %), onions (9·6 %) and grapes (9·0 %). In the regression analysis, the consumption of legumes and legume products, vegetables and fruits predicted total flavonoid intake the most. The findings of this study could facilitate further investigation on the health benefits of flavonoids and provide the basic information for establishing recommended flavonoid intakes for Koreans.

scholarly journals Evaluating Hazards Posed by Additives in Food: A Review of Studies Adopting a Risk Assessment Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arushi Jain ◽  
Pulkit Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Sunset Yellow ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Multiple Scenarios

Processing and packaging has increased the use of food additives in the food industry. Some of these additives have associated health risks. This review looks at studies on risk assessment of food additives published between 2000-2015. These studies have majorly focused on synthetic food colors and preservatives like benzoate, sorbate, nitrite and nitrate. Most of the studies have shown that the intake was below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for average consumers. For extreme consumers (95th percentile), intake was found to be above the ADI or approaching ADI for additives like sunset yellow FCF, erythrosine, tartrazine, sulphite, benzoate and nitrite. It is advisable to look at multiple scenarios of dietary exposure while evaluating risk. A surveillance system which documents adverse effects to food additives as well as monitors risk on a regular basis is important for every country to have. Such data would be beneficial to regulatory authorities as well as the industry in fixing usage levels of the additive in an effort to minimize health risk.

scholarly journals Choline intake and associations with egg and dairy consumption among pregnant women attending a high-risk antenatal clinic in South Africa: the NuEMI study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liska Robb ◽  
Gina Joubert ◽  
Elizabeth Margaretha Jordaan ◽  
Jennifer Ngounda ◽  
Corinna May Walsh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
Choline Intake

Abstract Background The importance of adequate choline intake during pregnancy has been well documented, but low intake is common. Total choline intake, main food sources of choline, as well as associations between choline intake and egg and dairy consumption were determined in a sample of pregnant women attending the high-risk antenatal clinic at a regional hospital in Bloemfontein, South Africa. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used. Trained fieldworkers collected dietary intake data using a validated quantified food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ), after which all food items were matched to foods in the USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods (Release 2) to quantify choline intake. Logistic regression with backward selection (p < 0.05) was used to determine whether egg and dairy consumption were independently associated with a choline intake below the adequate intake (AI) level. Results The median daily intake of choline was 275 mg (interquartile range 185 mg – 387 mg) (N = 681). Most participants (84.7%) consumed less than the AI of 450 mg/day for choline. Meat and meat products, cereals, eggs and dairy contributed mostly to choline intake. Food items that contributed most to choline intake included full-cream milk, maize porridge, brown bread, deep-fried potatoes and deep-fried dough (vetkoek). A choline intake below the AI was significantly associated with lower egg and dairy intakes (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0002 respectively). Conclusion Most pregnant women in the current study had choline intakes below the AI. It is recommended that public health messaging targeted at pregnant women promote the consumption of foods that can significantly contribute to choline intake, such as eggs and dairy.

Risk Assessment of the Intake of Foods and Soil With the Radionuclides and the Air Radiation Dose After the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiichiro Fujinaga ◽  
Minoru Yoneda ◽  
Maiko Ikegami
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Radioactive Decay ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Exposure Routes ◽  
One Year

Risk assessment of soil contaminated with radionuclides was performed by considering the intake of radionuclides in foods based on measured concentrations. Due to the disaster at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in 2011, radionuclides were spread out over an area of 13,000 km2. Radionuclides were found in the food, and the Japanese people are concerned about eating foods from Fukushima and the surrounding area. Radionuclides such as 134Cs and 137Cs were found on soil, buildings, plants, and so on. The exposure routes were determined to be (1) food intake, (2) ingestion and inhalation of soil particles, and (3) external radiation from the ground. Then, the total doses of all exposure routes for one year and over a lifetime were calculated, and the committed effective doses for the lifetime were evaluated. To estimate the intake of food, the concentrations can be obtained from the database of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The foods are divided into 16 types to estimate the daily intake. The geometrical means of the intake were calculated using monthly data for each group of food. Then, the intake from food for one year was calculated for each generation. The committed effective doses were calculated using the intake of each radionuclides times the dose coefficient. For the air dose, three cases were set as exposure scenarios. Case 1 was used for people who stay in a house for 24 hours, such as infants, pregnant females, and bedridden people. Case 2 was used for house wives and office workers, who stay outside for 4 hours and inside for 20 hours. Case 3 was used for children, farmers, and construction workers, who stay outside for 8 hours and inside for 16 hours. As a result, exposure through the ingestion and inhalation of soil particles were negligible, and exposures by food intake and external exposure from the ground were comparatively large. This study shows that the air dose by this disaster should be less than 0.2 μSv/hour to control the radiation dose with the consumption of food being less than 1 mSv/year. However, to maintain the lifetime dose under 100 mSv, several mSv/y is sufficient, considering radioactive decay and dilution by advection and diffusion. The risk assessment based on land use can provide information about the priority of countermeasures against the contamination and provides reasonable decontamination methods or risk management strategies.

scholarly journals Aspartame and cancer – new evidence for causation

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Landrigan ◽  
Kurt Straif
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
New Findings

Abstract Background Aspartame is one of the world’s most widely used artificial sweeteners and is an ingredient in more than 5000 food products globally. A particularly important use is in low-calorie beverages consumed by children and pregnant women. The Ramazzini Institute (RI) reported in 2006 and 2007 that aspartame causes dose-related increases in malignant tumors in multiple organs in rats and mice. Increased cancer risk was seen even at low exposure levels approaching the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Prenatal exposures caused increased malignancies in rodent offspring at lower doses than in adults. These findings generated intense controversy focused on the accuracy of RI’s diagnoses of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue tumors (HLTs). Critics made the claim that pulmonary lesions observed in aspartame-exposed animals were inflammatory lesions caused by Mycoplasma infection rather than malignant neoplasms. Methods To address this question, RI subjected all HLTs from aspartame-exposed animals to immunohistochemical analysis using a battery of markers and to morphological reassessment using the most recent Internationally Harmonized Nomenclature and Diagnostic (INHAND) criteria. Findings This immunohistochemical and morphological re-evaluation confirmed the original diagnoses of malignancy in 92.3% of cases. Six lesions originally diagnosed as lymphoma (8% of all HLTs) were reclassified: 3 to lymphoid hyperplasia, and 3 to chronic inflammation with fibrosis. There was no evidence of Mycoplasma infection. Interpretation These new findings confirm that aspartame is a chemical carcinogen in rodents. They confirm the very worrisome finding that prenatal exposure to aspartame increases cancer risk in rodent offspring. They validate the conclusions of the original RI studies. These findings are of great importance for public health. In light of them, we encourage all national and international public health agencies to urgently reexamine their assessments of aspartame’s health risks - especially the risks of prenatal and early postnatal exposures. We call upon food agencies to reassess Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) levels for aspartame. We note that an Advisory Group to the International Agency for Research on Cancer has recommended high-priority reevaluation of aspartame’s carcinogenicity to humans.

The Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in Long Pond, Conception Bay, Newfoundland

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1153-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Kennedy ◽  
D. H. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Fish Remains ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Conception Bay

Monthly samples of winter flounder taken in Long Pond from November 1962 to October 1963 indicated that the flounder moved into deeper water (7–10 m) during the summer and returned to shallow water (1–2 m) from September to June. These movements corresponded to the end of the spawning season and the ripening of the gonads respectively. Spawning occurred from March until early June, most of it in May and early June. Most males were mature at age 6 and most females at age 7. Fifty percent of the males and females were mature at 21 and 25 cm respectively. The growth rates of the males and females were similar until the age of 8, after which the females apparently outgrew the males. Early growth and fecundity were similar to those reported for other areas. No feeding took place in December or January but the flounder fed in March and continued to feed throughout the summer; food intake decreased in the fall. They were omnivorous and the type of food eaten varied with the locality. Polychaetes, plant material, and molluscs were the most common food items throughout the year. Capelin eggs and fish remains were found only during a few months of the year but were eaten in great quantities.

Effects of pesticide mixtures at the acceptable daily intake levels on rat carcinogenesis

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1091-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ito ◽  
A. Hagiwara ◽  
S. Tamano ◽  
M. Futacuchiá ◽  
K. Imaida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Pesticide Mixtures

Development, validity and reproducibility of a dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in Iran

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Samaneh Sadat Ayoubi ◽  
Mohsen Nematy ◽  
Maryam Amini ◽  
Habibollah Esmaily ◽  
Sara Movahed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Urinary Potassium

BACKGROUND: The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is the method of choice for dietary assessment in epidemiological studies. FFQs focusing on mixed-dishes and simple food items are useful where mixed-dishes are an essential part of food consumption. OBJECTIVE: Regarding the fact that the nature of the Iranian diet is mixed-dish, the present study aimed to design and assess the validity and reproducibility of a dish-based semi-quantitative FFQ in the Iranian adult population. METHODS: A list of 302 food items was collected from four geographical areas around Iran. The validation study was conducted on 97 healthy adults. The FFQ was introduced at the beginning of the study and 10 months after; two three-day food records were collected during the study. Also, biomarkers including 24-hour urinary potassium and nitrogen, serum retinol, and alpha-tocopherol were measured. RESULTS: A 142-food-item FFQ was concluded. The correlation coefficient between the second FFQ and the second three-day food record ranged from 0.225 to 0.323 for macronutrients and 0.128 to 0.476 for micronutrients. The percentile agreements (same or adjacent quartile) between the two methods were more than 60%for all nutrients. The intraclass correlation coefficient between FFQs (except for vitamin E) ranged from 0.363 to 0.578. The correlation coefficient between the second FFQ and the second biomarker assessment was 0.241 for protein.

scholarly journals Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Zare Jeddi ◽  
Mohamad Eshaghi Gorji ◽  
Ivonne Rietjens ◽  
Jochem Louisse ◽  
Yuri Bruinen de Bruin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
Combined Exposure ◽  
Iranian Children

This study aimed to estimate the exposure and related health risks of phthalates, and to assess the health risks from combined exposure to three of the phthalates sharing the same mode of action (anti-androgenicity) in children. We determined the internal exposure of 56 Iranian children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years by analyzing seven urinary metabolites of five phthalates. The estimated daily intake values derived from the biomonitoring data ranged from 0.01 µg/kg bw/day for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), to 17.85 µg/kg bw/day for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The risk assessment revealed that not only the exposure to the individual phthalates, but also the combined exposure to the three anti-androgenic phthalates (DEHP, DBP, BBP) did not raise a safety concern (hazard index values averaged 0.2). The range of maximum cumulative ratio values varied from around 1 for most individuals to around 2 in some individuals, indicating that the combined exposures were dominated by one and in some cases by two of the three anti-androgenic phthalates, especially dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and/or DEHP. Based on biomonitoring data, the overall combined exposure of Iranian children to phthalates does not raise a concern, while reduction of exposure is best focused on DEHP and DBP that showed the highest hazard quotient.

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