RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: IV. INFLUENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
Different Levels

Oxygen consumption was determined in relation to spontaneous activity and standard metabolism estimated by extrapolating the values to zero activity, Standard oxygen consumption was determined in relation to different partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen for brook trout. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), at 10 °C, and carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, at 25 °C. In general, at each partial pressure of oxygen applied, standard oxygen consumption did not change significantly over the range of partial pressures of carbon dioxide followed. The relation for brook trout operated on a level characteristic of the partial pressure of oxygen. Although the effect of different levels of oxygen was not established for carp at 25 °C, it is presumed that the relation operated also in that species in a similar way.Acclimation to the different levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen to be tested was examined and, ordinarily, found not to change significantly the standard rate of oxygen consumption.

RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: III. INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Standard Metabolism ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate

Standard oxygen consumption was determined in relation to various partial pressures of oxygen for eastern brook trout at 10° and 15 °C, and for carp and goldfish at 10° and 20 °C. Two conditions of oxygen acclimation were compared. In one case acclimation was to air saturation while in the other acclimation was to each of the partial pressures of oxygen applied.Down to a partial pressure of oxygen of approximately 80 mm Hg, standard oxygen uptake remained approximately constant, and further, the rates for the two differently acclimated groups were about equal. Below 80 mm Hg the standard rate first increased to a maximum and then, with a further reduction in the partial pressure, decreased. Below 80 mm Hg the standard rate of oxygen consumption was in all cases less for the fish acclimated to the low level of oxygen than for those acclimated to air saturation.Comparison of standard and active values suggests that the increase in standard rate of oxygen uptake in response to low oxygen does not reach the active level as suggested earlier by Fry (1947). The suggestion is made that a fraction of standard metabolism is derived anaerobically in low levels of oxygen. Further, it appears that acclimation to a low level of oxygen enhances the anaerobic fraction of standard metabolism.

SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE STANDARD RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF FISHES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
A Value ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate

The standard rate of oxygen consumption for brook and brown trout acclimated to 10 °C and exposed to natural daylight varied seasonally. For male brook trout, standard oxygen consumption increased from a low of 30 mg/kg hour during March and April to a maximum of 63 mg/kg hour during the late fall spawning period. The standard rates of the females approximated those for males. For male brown trout, standard oxygen uptake increased from a value of approximately 20 mg/kg hour during the winter and spring months to a high of roughly 30 mg/kg hour during the fall spawning period. Little change was observed in the standard oxygen consumption of female brown trout.

Viability and respiratory activity ofPseudomonas syringaecells starved in buffer

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 372-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
João P. S. Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Electron Transport ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Number Of Cells

Pseudomonas syringae cells starved in buffer released orcinol-reactive molecules and materials that absorbed ultraviolet light. The number of cells culturable in nutrient medium decreased more rapidly than the number of intact particles determined by microscopy. The results suggested that starvation resulted in the lysis of an increasing number of cells, and that a fraction of the intact particles were not culturable. Starvation also resulted in a decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption with acetate, glycerol, and succinate, but at different levels. Whereas the respiration of acetate and glycerol decreased concomitantly with culturability, the respiration of succinate decreased to levels similar to the concentration of intact cells, suggesting that all intact particles respired the succinate, but only the culturable cells respired the acetate and glycerol. The results suggest that measuring the activity of the electron-transport system can overestimate the viability of starved bacterial cells, and that complex metabolic activities such as the respiration of acetate and glycerol are probably better suited for the evaluation of this parameter.Key words: Pseudomonas syringae, starvation, culturability, viability, respiration.

scholarly journals Massive Subcutaneous Emphysema during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-79
Author(s):  
ASM Moosa ◽  
M Baharul Islam ◽  
Shahina Akther ◽  
M Latifur Rahman ◽  
Nazim Uddin Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Subcutaneous Emphysema ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Peak Airway Pressure ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen

Laparoscopic surgical techniques are increasingly being applied to treat cholelithiasis and other indications of gallbladder diseases. These procedures however are not without potential morbidity. Herein we describe two patients treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy; those cases were complicated with subcutaneous emphysema and hypercarbia per-operatively. After discontinuation of pneumoperitoneum, saturation of partial pressure of oxygen (SpO2) gradually increased with improvement of the neck subcutaneous emphysema, at the same time the lung ventilation also improved. Our findings show that we have to stop pneumoperitoneum or decrease partial pressure of end carbon dioxide level immediately, when we find a sudden increase of the peak airway pressure or decrease SpO2 with subcutaneous emphysema during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.   doi: 10.3329/taj.v21i1.3225 TAJ 2008; 21(1): 77-79

The Measurement of the Oxygen Consumption of Daphnia by a Modification of the Cartesian Diver Technique

1948 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-321
Author(s):  
R. J. O'CONNOR
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Modified Technique ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Total Capacity

1. The Cartesian diver microrespirometer has been adapted to the measurement of the oxygen consumption of Daphnia. The modification involves an increase in size of the diver to a total capacity of over 100 µ1., and absorption of carbon dioxide by sodium hydroxide in a central cup incorporated in the structure of the diver. 2. The variation in the rate of oxygen consumption of normal Daphnia has been measured. 3. Sources of error in the modified technique have been investigated and the possibility of its wider use discussed.

Gas Exchange

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Kreit
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary Blood ◽  
And Diffusion

Gas Exchange explains how four processes—delivery of oxygen, excretion of carbon dioxide, matching of ventilation and perfusion, and diffusion—allow the respiratory system to maintain normal partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in the arterial blood. Partial pressure is important because O2 and CO2 molecules diffuse between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood and between systemic capillary blood and the tissues along their partial pressure gradients, and diffusion continues until the partial pressures are equal. Ventilation is an essential part of gas exchange because it delivers O2, eliminates CO2, and determines ventilation–perfusion ratios. This chapter also explains how and why abnormalities in each of these processes may reduce PaO2, increase PaCO2, or both.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Assimilation and Transport by Ex Planta Nitrogen-Fixing Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens Bacteroids Is Modulated by Oxygen, Bacteroid Density and l-Malate

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7542
Author(s):  
James K. Waters ◽  
Thomas P. Mawhinney ◽  
David W. Emerich
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Glutamate Uptake ◽  
Ammonium Uptake ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Branch Chain Amino ◽  
Rate Limiting

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires the transfer of fixed organic nitrogen compounds from the symbiotic bacteria to a host plant, yet the chemical nature of the compounds is in question. Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens bacteroids were isolated anaerobically from soybean nodules and assayed at varying densities, varying partial pressures of oxygen, and varying levels of l-malate. Ammonium was released at low bacteroid densities and high partial pressures of oxygen, but was apparently taken up at high bacteroid densities and low partial pressures of oxygen in the presence of l-malate; these later conditions were optimal for amino acid excretion. The ratio of partial pressure of oxygen/bacteroid density of apparent ammonium uptake and of alanine excretion displayed an inverse relationship. Ammonium uptake, alanine and branch chain amino acid release were all dependent on the concentration of l-malate displaying similar K0.5 values of 0.5 mM demonstrating concerted regulation. The hyperbolic kinetics of ammonium uptake and amino acid excretion suggests transport via a membrane carrier and also suggested that transport was rate limiting. Glutamate uptake displayed exponential kinetics implying transport via a channel. The chemical nature of the compounds released were dependent upon bacteroid density, partial pressure of oxygen and concentration of l-malate demonstrating an integrated metabolism.

Active Respiration of Fish in Relation to Ambient Concentrations of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

1959 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyendra Prasanna Basu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Electric Stimulus ◽  
Ameiurus Nebulosus ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolism ◽  
Lethal Limit ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ambient Concentrations

The oxygen consumption at a steady rate of activity maintained by a mild electric stimulus was measured for Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede), Ameiurus nebulosus LeSueur, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) and Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) in the presence of various combinations of oxygen and carbon dioxide. At a given level of oxygen the logarithm of the rate of oxygen consumption decreases linearly with the concentration of carbon dioxide. The linear relation so found is characteristic of a given species and the sensitivity to carbon dioxide decreases with increasing acclimation temperature. The oxygen concentration determines the level of active oxygen consumption in the absence of carbon dioxide and when the concentration approaches the lower lethal limit the effect of the addition of carbon dioxide is enhanced. The data found for these species for active metabolism was combined with data in the literature for resting metabolism to give estimates of the metabolism available for activity. The respiratory sensitivities of the four species were further compared by considering the estimated combinations of oxygen and carbon dioxide required to bring about asphyxiation in both flowing water and sealed containers. The ability of the blood of the fish to take up oxygen in the presence of carbon dioxide shows no direct relation to the ability of the fish to transport oxygen to the external medium under similar circumstances.

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