Effect of Supplementary Branch Chain Amino Acids on the Ability of Table Tennis Players by Image Analysis of Visual Sensors

The purpose of this article is to in-depth explore the specific effects of supplementation of branched-chain amino acids on table tennis performance and its mechanism. Athletic ability refers to the ability of a person to participate in sports and training. It is a comprehensive manifestation of a person’s physical form, quality, function, skills, and psychological abilities. From a biochemical point of view, the level of exercise capacity mainly depends on the energy supply, transfer, and utilization of energy during exercise. The metabolic basis of exercise capacity and its influencing factors, the central and peripheral causes of sports fatigue, and the general law of the recovery of consumed substances after exercise provide a theoretical basis for athletes’ selection of talents, evaluation of training effects, and formulation of training plans. The main function of the vision sensor is to obtain enough of the most primitive images to be processed by the machine vision system. Use the latest vision sensor technology for in-depth research. This article takes 20 professional table tennis players with the same sports score as the research object and divides the athletes into the control group and observation group supplemented with branch chain amino acids. For the observation group, the exercise plan is to design two one-hour table tennis games, divided into two days, with a 10-minute break after half an hour of the game, and the athletes in the observation group to have a weight of 0.3 g/kg before and during the rest of the game. Weight measurement supplemented with branched-chain amino acids, the control group, athletes supplemented with the same amount of ordinary mineral water, the athletes’ fatigue index, endurance index, and reaction ability index were scored, and the athlete’s blood was drawn to test the sports-related biochemical indicators after the end of table tennis. The results of the study showed that after supplementation with branched-chain amino acids, the fatigue index of the athletes in the observation group was ( 7.5 ± 1.2 ), the fatigue index of the control group was ( 11.2 ± 1.5 ), the endurance index of the observation group was ( 28.4 ± 4.8 ), that of the control group was ( 19.6 ± 3.7 ), the reaction ability index of the observation group was ( 18.4 ± 4.2 ), and the control group was ( 12.3 ± 2.8 ). At the same time, the athletes’ plasma antioxidant capacity and metabolism level of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Therefore, it can be seen that supplementing branched-chain amino acids can effectively improve the athletic ability of table tennis players.

The Extracellular Metabolome Stratifies Low and High Risk Potentially Premalignant Oral Keratinocytes and Identifies Citrate as a Potential Non-Invasive Marker of Tumour Progression

Premalignant oral lesions (PPOLs) which bypass senescence (IPPOL) have a much greater probability of progressing to malignancy, but pre-cancerous fields also contain mortal PPOL keratinocytes (MPPOL) that possess tumour-promoting properties. To identify metabolites that could potentially separate IPPOL, MPPOL and normal oral keratinocytes non-invasively in vivo, we conducted an unbiased screen of their conditioned medium. MPPOL keratinocytes showed elevated levels of branch-chain amino acid, lipid, prostaglandin, and glutathione metabolites, some of which could potentially be converted into volatile compounds by oral bacteria and detected in breath analysis. Extracellular metabolites were generally depleted in IPPOL, and only six were elevated, but some metabolites distinguishing IPPOL from MPPOL have been associated with progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in vivo. One of the metabolites elevated in IPPOL relative to the other groups, citrate, was confirmed by targeted metabolomics and, interestingly, has been implicated in cancer growth and metastasis. Although our investigation is preliminary, some of the metabolites described here are detectable in the saliva of oral cancer patients, albeit at a more advanced stage, and could eventually help detect oral cancer development earlier.

The role of metabolomics in personalized medicine for diabetes

Metabolomics is rapidly evolving omics technology in personalized medicine, it offers a new avenue for identification of multiple novel metabolic mediators of impaired glucose tolerance and dysglycemia. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are most commonly used analytical methods in the field of metabolomics. Recent evidences showed that metabolomic profiles are link to the incidence of diabetes. In this review, an overview of metabolomics studies in diabetes revealed several diabetes-associated metabolites including 1,5 anhydroglycitol, branch chain amino acids, glucose, α-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroundecanoyl-carnitine and phosphatidylcholine that could be potential biomarkers associated with diabetes. These identified metabolites can be used to develop personalized prognostics and diagnostic, and help in diabetes management.

Serum Branch Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) Are Elevated Due to Decreased Catabolism in Patients With Ketosis-Prone Diabetes at the Time of Presentation With DKA

Patients with “A-β+” Ketosis-Prone Diabetes (KPD) develop diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) despite lacking islet autoantibodies and a phenotype of T1D, have good beta cell function and can come off insulin therapy 4–8 weeks after the DKA episode. When near-normoglycemic and stable on metformin, they have accelerated BCAA catabolism which promotes ketogenesis (Patel SG et al, Diabetes 2013). Here we measured BCAAs, their metabolites and acylcarnitine esters (C5,C3) in blood samples obtained from adults with DKA (N=74) compared to those with non-ketotic hyperglycemic crisis (N=21) at the time of acute presentation to the emergency center, and to healthy controls (N=17). Of the DKA patients, 53 were classified as likely A-β+ KPD based on absence of GAD65Ab and C-peptide levels or clinical features, and the 21 patients with non-ketotic hyperglycemia were classified as T2D. Serum concentrations of leucine, isoleucine and valine and their respective branch chain keto acids (BCKA) were higher (p<0.05) in KPD patients compared to T2D and control. The ratio of each BCKA to its precursor BCAA was calculated as an index of its rate of transamination. Serum KIC/Leu, KMV/Ile and KIV/Val were significantly lower (p<0.05) in KPD compared to T2D. The ratio of each acylcarnitine to its precursor BCKA was calculated as an index of its rate of entry and metabolism within mitochondria. Serum C5/KIC, C5/KMV and C5/KIC+KMV were lower (p<0.05) in KPD patients compared to T2D patients. Serum C3/KIV, C3/KMV and C3/KIV+KMV were significantly lower (p<0.05) in KPD patients compared to controls. Since KIC can be converted to acetoacetate and then reduced to β-hydroxybutyrate (BHOB), and KIC and KMV can be metabolized to acetyl CoA, the ratios of KIC+KMV/C2 and KIC/BHOB were calculated as indicators of their relative conversion to acetyl CoA and acetoacetate respectively. KIC+KMV/C2 was significantly lower (p<0.001) in KPD than T2D and control and KIC/BOHB was lower (p<0.001) in KPD than T2D. Acetyl carnitine was markedly elevated in the KPD group, indicating accelerated production of acetyl CoA from free fatty acids. During acute DKA, KPD patients have higher serum BCAAs because their catabolism is decreased, due to slower rate of transamination in the cytosol by BCAA transaminase 1 (BCAT1) and slower rate of entry into mitochondria and metabolism to acetyl CoA and acetoacetate by BCAT2, BCKA dehydrogenase and other catabolic enzymes. This is diametrically opposite to their profile in the stable, near-normoglycemic state, when BCAA catabolism is accelerated. We propose that during acute DKA, accelerated flux of fatty acids to acetyl CoA diminishes carnitine and NAD+ availability for mitochondrial transport and metabolism of BCAA catabolites in KPD patients, whereas in the near-normoglycemic state they have heightened dependence on BCAA catabolism for energy production through acetyl CoA and ketogenesis.

A Comprehensive Review Evaluating the Impact of Protein Source (Vegetarian vs. Meat Based) in Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common neurological consequence in patients with cirrhosis and has a healthcare burden of USD 5370 to 50,120 per patient annually. HE significantly hampers the quality of life and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Patients with cirrhosis are at a high risk for protein-calorie malnutrition due to altered metabolism. Current evidence has changed the old belief of protein restriction in patients with cirrhosis and now 1.2 to 1.5 g/kg/day protein intake is recommended. Case series and studies with small numbers of participants showed that a vegetarian protein diet decreases the symptoms of HE when compared to a meat-based diet, but the evidence is limited and requires further larger randomized controlled trials. However, vegetable or milk-based protein diets are good substitutes for patients averse to meat intake. Branch chain amino acids (BCAA) (leucine, isoleucine and valine) have also been shown to be effective in alleviating symptoms of HE and are recommended as an alternative therapy in patients with cirrhosis for the treatment of HE. In this review, we provide an overview of current literature evaluating the role of protein intake in the management of HE in cirrhosis.

Low Dose Brain Radiation Reduces Elevated Plasma Branch Chain Amino Acid Levels in APP/PS1 Mice

Branch Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) have recently been implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). We previously showed that low dose brain radiation (RT) [5 fractions of 2 Gy] reduces amyloid-beta plaque burden and results in improved cognition in the APP/PS1 model of AD. In this study we investigated whether this schedule of radiation altered the metabolomic profile of serum. 10 month old male (M) and female (F) APP/PS1 mice were either treated with whole brain radiotherapy (5 x 2 Gy) or received sham irradiation. Eight weeks later the animals were euthanized and blood, urine and brain tissue collected. 1H NMR spectra were acquired. 256 transients were acquired for each sample and chemical shifts (δ) are reported in parts per million (ppm). Analysis included: 3 F and 5 M with no transgene (as a background controls), 5 F who received no RT, 7 F who received RT, 12 M who received RT and 12 M who received no RT. A total of 46 metabolites were analyzed. The most significantly changed metabolites were the BCAAs leucine, isoleucine and valine.. The effect was most pronounced in female mice where levels were reduced to those found in non-transgenic mice. APP/PS1 mice spontaneously display increased plasma BCAA, suggesting that AD pathology potentiates defects in BCAA metabolism, putting patients with AD at a higher risk of BCAA-induced brain damage. Reduction of these levels by low dose radiation may be beneficial.

Nitrogen Assimilation and Transport by Ex Planta Nitrogen-Fixing Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens Bacteroids Is Modulated by Oxygen, Bacteroid Density and l-Malate

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires the transfer of fixed organic nitrogen compounds from the symbiotic bacteria to a host plant, yet the chemical nature of the compounds is in question. Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens bacteroids were isolated anaerobically from soybean nodules and assayed at varying densities, varying partial pressures of oxygen, and varying levels of l-malate. Ammonium was released at low bacteroid densities and high partial pressures of oxygen, but was apparently taken up at high bacteroid densities and low partial pressures of oxygen in the presence of l-malate; these later conditions were optimal for amino acid excretion. The ratio of partial pressure of oxygen/bacteroid density of apparent ammonium uptake and of alanine excretion displayed an inverse relationship. Ammonium uptake, alanine and branch chain amino acid release were all dependent on the concentration of l-malate displaying similar K0.5 values of 0.5 mM demonstrating concerted regulation. The hyperbolic kinetics of ammonium uptake and amino acid excretion suggests transport via a membrane carrier and also suggested that transport was rate limiting. Glutamate uptake displayed exponential kinetics implying transport via a channel. The chemical nature of the compounds released were dependent upon bacteroid density, partial pressure of oxygen and concentration of l-malate demonstrating an integrated metabolism.