Experimental study on the role of intra- and inter-specific competition in the evolution of nest-destroying behavior in marsh wrens

Marsh wrens attack nests with eggs and young of other birds, including conspecifics. This study examined the relative role of interference from conspecifics and red-winged blackbirds in the evolution of the marsh wren nest-destroying behavior by giving male wrens a choice to attack a redwing or marsh wren nest. The combined data on wren responses from 4 years showed that male marsh wrens exhibited stronger responses to redwing than to wren nests, which suggests that in the study area the interference from blackbirds is usually more important than that from other marsh wrens. However, the between-year analysis, relating the intensity of marsh wren responses to nests of the two species to the intensity of intra- and inter-specific interference, indicated that marsh wrens adjust their responses to the prevailing type of interference. Thus marsh wrens attacked the redwing nest first when interspecific interference was more important, but their resonses to the wren nest became stronger with increasing intraspecific interference. These data support the idea that intense intraspecific competition as well as the interference from blackbirds have played an important role in the evolution of nest-destroying behavior by marsh wrens.

Download Full-text

Experimental study on the relationship between organizational culture and affective well-being at work: Role of person-organization fit

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e604062012-309 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Sonia P. Goncalves ◽

Jose Neves

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Organizational Culture ◽

Well Being ◽

Work Role ◽

Person Organization Fit ◽

The Relationship

Download Full-text

Medic Interaction Modes and Hospitalized Children Health

10.31124/advance.8337683 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Naveed Shibli ◽

Miss Shehrish Farooq

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Block Design ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Hospitalized Children ◽

Face Pain ◽

Children Health ◽

Face Pain Scale

In the present experimental study different interaction ‘modes’ those took place between a psychologist and a child were tested for the role of these towards health recovery of the child? Following were the interaction modes, a) presenting a flower with smile plus inquiring about health, b) offering a blessing plus inquiring about health, c) making an indifferent presence plus inquiring about health with flat tone, d) inquiring about health with providing precautions about prognosis. It was assumed that all modes would differently influence health outcomes? 100 hospitalized children located in child wards of different hospitals with randomized pre-post block design interacted. One each from four interaction modes was used for a group of 25 participants each. Actual ward discharge was compared with anticipatory estimated by each ward in-charge to calculate effect of mode on outcome. Face Pain Scale, The Children Happiness Scale and a Demographic Sheet were also used. Results reflected ‘modes’ relationship with outcomes. More studies would clarify further.

Download Full-text

The influence of information relevance on the continued influence effect of misinformation

10.31234/osf.io/uatjd ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hua Jin ◽

Lina Jia ◽

Xiaojuan Yin ◽

Shilin Wei ◽

Guiping Xu

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Questionnaire Survey ◽

Personal Involvement ◽

Influence Effect ◽

Information Relevance ◽

Different Types ◽

Role Of Information

Misinformation often continues to influence people’s cognition even after corrected (the ‘continued influence effect of misinformation’, the CIEM). This study investigated the role of information relevance in the CIEM by questionnaire survey and experimental study. The results showed that information with higher relevance to the individuals had a larger CIEM, indicating a role of information relevance in the CIEM. Personal involvement might explain the effects of information relevance on the CIEM. This study provides insightful clues for reducing the CIEM in different types of misinformation and misinformation with varying relevance.

Download Full-text

Breathing and its stimulatory responses in parkinsonism: repercussions for physiotherapy

Journal of Advanced Health Care ◽

10.36017/jahc2008-002 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mieczyslaw Pokorski

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Chronic Hypoxia ◽

Motor Impairments

This study addresses respiratory and motor impairments in an experimental reserpine-induced model of parkinsonism in rats. The role of chronic hypoxia due to diminished ventilation in the development and course of neurodegeneration is addressed. An attempt was made to distinguish between central and peripheral dopamine pathways in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration. A dissociation of putative mechanisms of respiratory and motor impairments is tackled as well. Although this purely experimental study cannot be directly extrapolated to human pathophysiology, the corollaries have been drawn concerning the potential repercussions of the respiratory and motor impairments for the physiotherapeutic procedures in the management of chronic neurodegeneration.

Download Full-text

Covid-19 In Man: A Very Dangerous Affair.

Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871530321666210101123801 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Giuseppe Lisco ◽

Vito A. Giagulli ◽

Giovanni De Pergola ◽

Anna De Tullio ◽

Edoardo Guastamacchia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Poor Prognosis ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Systemic Disease ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Immune System Dysfunction ◽

Data Support ◽

Systemic Spread ◽

The Impact

Background: The novel pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has becoming a public health issue since March 2020 considering that more than 30 million people were found to be infected worldwide. Particularly, recent evidences suggested that men may be considered as at higher risk of poor prognosis or death once the infection occurred and concerns surfaced in regard of the risk of a possible testicular injury due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: Several data support the existence of a bivalent role of testosterone (T) in driving poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19. On one hand, this is attributable to the fact that T may facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry in human cells by means of an enhanced expression of transmembrane serine-protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). At the same time, younger man with normal testicular function compared to women of similar age are prone to develop a blunted immune response against SARS-CoV-2, being exposed to less viral clearance and more viral shedding and systemic spread of the disease. Conversely, low levels of serum T observed in hypogonadal men predispose them to a greater background systemic inflammation, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and immune system dysfunction, hence driving harmful consequences once SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred. Finally, SARS-CoV-2, as a systemic disease, may also affect testicles with possible concerns for current and future testicular efficiency. Preliminary data suggested that SARS-CoV-2 genome is not normally found in gonads and gametes, therefore sex transmission could be excluded as a possible way to spread the COVID-19. Conclusion: Most data support a role of T as a bivalent risk factor for poor prognosis (high/normal in younger; lower in elderly) in COVID-19. However, the impact of medical treatment aimed to modify T homeostasis for improving the prognosis of affected patients is unknown in this clinical setting. In addition, testicular damage may be a harmful consequence of the infection even in case it occurred asymptomatically but no long-term evidences are currently available to confirm and quantify this phenomenon. Different authors excluded the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in sperm and oocytes, thus limiting worries about both a potential sexual and gamete-to-embryos transmission of COVID-19. Despite these evidence, long-term and well-designed studies are needed to clarify these issues.

Download Full-text

External Investigators' Follow-Up Intentions When Whistleblowers Report Healthcare Fraud: The Effects of Report Anonymity and Previous Confrontation

Behavioral Research in Accounting ◽

10.2308/bria-19-042 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 91-101

Author(s):

Steven E. Kaplan ◽

Danny Lanier ◽

Kelly R. Pope ◽

Janet A. Samuels

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Early Detection ◽

Data Availability ◽

Medical Provider ◽

Perceived Credibility ◽

The Relationship ◽

Critical Investigation

ABSTRACT Whistleblowing reports, if properly investigated, facilitate the early detection of fraud. Although critical, investigation-related decisions represent a relatively underexplored component of the whistleblowing process. Investigators are responsible for initially deciding whether to follow-up on reports alleging fraud. We report the results of an experimental study examining the follow-up intentions of highly experienced healthcare investigators. Participants, in the role of an insurance investigator, are asked to review a whistleblowing report alleging billing fraud occurring at a medical provider. Thus, participants are serving as external investigators. In a between-participant design, we manipulate the report type and whether the caller previously confronted the wrongdoer. We find that compared to an anonymous report, a non-anonymous report is perceived as more credible and follow-up intentions stronger. We also find that perceived credibility fully mediates the relationship between report type and follow-up intentions. Previous confrontation is not significantly associated with either perceived credibility or follow-up intentions. Data Availability: Data are available upon request.

Download Full-text