Carbon dioxide excretion in fishes

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Minor Amount ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Convective Processes ◽  
Adrenergic Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Subsequent Diffusion

The pattern and control of carbon dioxide excretion in fish is reviewed with particular emphasis on the site(s) of bicarbonate dehydration, the involvement of diffusive and convective processes, and the relationship with ionic and acid–base regulation. The principal route for carbon dioxide excretion in fish involves the catalysed dehydration of plasma bicarbonate within erythrocytes to form physically dissolved CO2 and the subsequent diffusion of physically dissolved CO2 across the gill epithelium. It is likely that bicarbonate entry into the erythrocyte in exchange for intracellular chloride, rather than branchial CO2 diffusion or blood/water convection, is the rate-limiting process in carbon dioxide excretion, although a change in any one of these factors will affect overall CO2 elimination. Additionally, a relatively minor amount of CO2 is hydrated within gill epithelial cells to form H+ and HCO3− ions that are exchanged for Cl− ions and Na+ ions, respectively. Evidence is presented indicating that branchial and erythrocytic HCO3−/Cl− exchanges are under adrenergic control and that modulations of these processes by elevated levels of circulating catecholamines may be important in regulating acid–base disturbances.

scholarly journals The pattern of carbon dioxide excretion in the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
M. S. Haswell ◽  
D. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
O2 Delivery ◽  
Co2 Excretion

1. Patterns of carbon dioxide excretion were investigated in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 2. The loss of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase caused by severe anaemia does not affect acid/base regulation or the ability of fish to excrete CO2. 3. Bicarbonate excretion across the saline-perfused gills of trout is significant even though residence time for the saline in the gills is only 1--3 s. CO2 excretion across these saline-perfused gills is blocked by the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, diamox. 4. The excretion of CO2 in fish is via the movement of plasma bicarbonate into the gill epithelium where branchial carbonic anhydrase catalyses the production of CO2. Fish can adjust pH by regulating bicarbonate movement across the gills. 5. The erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase is not necessary for CO2 excretion in the gills but is involved in facilitating Bohr and Root shifts to augment O2 delivery in the tissues.

Bicarbonate, L-Lactate and D-Lactate Balance in Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
Robert M.A. Richardson ◽  
Janet M. Roscoe
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Solute Clearance

Systemic acid-base values and bicarbonate and lactate balance were measured during dialysis in seven patients on chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD). Dialysate contained 40 mM lactate, including 20 mM D-Iactate and 20 mM L-Iactate. Mean predialysis plasma bicarbonate concentration was 22 mM and rose to 25 mM after dialysis. The average net alkali gain during dialysis, calculated as lactate gain minus bicarbonate loss, was 80 mmoles/ treatment or 34 mmoles/day. There was considerable variability in alkali gain between patients and between treatments in the same patient. The major factors influencing alkali gain were peritoneal solute clearance and dialysate effluent volume, or ultrafiltration. Both in the balance study, and in a shorter study comparing the effects of consecutive 4.25% or 0.5 % glucose exchanges on net alkali gain, the authors demonstrated that increasing ultrafiltration reduced net alkali gain by about 26 mmoles/liter ultrafiltrate. D-Iactate appears to be quantitatively as important as Llactate in bicarbonate generation. Further longitudinal studies are required to define the relationship between net alkali gain, dietary hydrogen-ion generation and blood acid-base values.

scholarly journals A redefinition of normal acid-base equilibrium in man: Carbon dioxide tension as a key determinant of normal plasma bicarbonate concentration

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 612-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolaos E. Madias ◽  
Horacio J. Adrogué ◽  
Gary L. Horowitz ◽  
Jordan J. Cohen ◽  
William B. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Base Equilibrium ◽  
Normal Plasma ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Normal Acid

From Container to Claustrum: Projective Identification in Couples

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Projective Identification ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intimate Partners ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

This paper is a contribution to the growing literature on the role of projective identification in understanding couples' dynamics. Projective identification as a defence is well suited to couples, as intimate partners provide an ideal location to deposit unwanted parts of the self. This paper illustrates how projective identification functions differently depending on the psychological health of the couple. It elucidates how healthier couples use projective identification more as a form of communication, whereas disturbed couples are inclined to employ it to invade and control the other, as captured by Meltzer's concept of "intrusive identification". These different uses of projective identification affect couples' capacities to provide what Bion called "containment". In disturbed couples, partners serve as what Meltzer termed "claustrums" whereby projections are not contained, but imprisoned or entombed in the other. Applying the concept of claustrum helps illuminate common feelings these couples express, such as feeling suffocated, stifled, trapped, held hostage, or feeling as if the relationship is killing them. Finally, this paper presents treatment challenges in working with more disturbed couples.

Content Analysis (Analisis Isi) terhadap Peraturan Daerah Bernuansa Syariat Islam di Kabupaten Banyumas

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Dody Nur Andriyan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Administrative Sanctions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Regional Regulation (Perda) which regulates public issues such as prostitution, alcoholic beverages, gambling, and the relationship between men and women turns out to be identified as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law. in Banyumas Regency there is a Regional Regulation which if used by the identification of Arfiansyah above, it can be referred to as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law. The regulation is: Banyumas District Regulation Number 15 of 2014 concerning Control, Supervision and Control of Circulation of Alcoholic Beverages and Regional Regulations of Banyumas Regency Number 16 of 2015 concerning Community Disease Management. This research has two formulations of the first problem related to the results of the content of the analysis on the Perda that are nuanced by Islamic law in Banyumas Regency. Both of the results of the analysis content on the Regional Regulations that are nuanced by Islamic law in Banyumas Regency are not contrary to Law-Invitation Number 12 of 2011? This research is a qualitative-descriptive study. The research method used is normative juridical. The main source of data is the Banyumas District Regulation Number 15 of 2014 concerning Control, Supervision and Control of Circulation of Alcoholic Beverages and Regional Regulations of Banyumas Regency Number 16 of 2015 concerning Community Disease Management. Interviews were also conducted with resource persons. Furthermore, the results of the analysis were carried out. Regional Regulation No. 15 of 2014 is actually a Regional Regulation that has a broad purpose of public interest, for the nation and state. So that the claim that Perda No 15 of 2014 as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law is not true. Regional Regulation No. 16 of 2015 is actually a Regional Regulation that has a broad purpose of public interest, for the nation and state. So that the claim that Perda No 16 of 2015 as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law is not true. Both of these Perda (Perda No 15 of 2014 and Perda No. 16 of 2015) are not in conflict with Law No. 12 of 2011 concerning the Establishment of Legislation. Both in terms of content, principles, goals, arrangements, administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions. Formally and procedurally the two Perda are in accordance with Law Number 12 of 2011

The effect of type of water supply on water quality in a developing community in South Africa

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Genthe ◽  
N. Strauss ◽  
J. Seager ◽  
C. Vundule ◽  
F. Maforah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Developing Communities ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Efforts to provide water to developing communities in South Africa have resulted in various types of water supplies being used. This study examined the relationship between the type of water supply and the quality of water used. Source (communal taps, private outdoor and indoor taps) and point-of-use water samples were examined for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total and faecal coliforms, E. coli, and coliphages. Ten percent of samples were also analysed for enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Approximately 320 households were included in a case-control study. In addition, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Both studies examined the relationship between different types of water facilities and diarrhoea among pre-school children. The source water was of good microbial quality, but water quality was found to have deteriorated significantly after handling and storage in both case and control households, exceeding drinking water quality guideline values by 1-6 orders of magnitude. Coliphage counts were low for all water samples tested. Enteric viruses and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. Giardia cysts were detected on one occasion in case and control in-house samples. Comparisons of whether in-house water, after handling and storage, complied with water quality guideline values demonstrated households using communal taps to have significantly poorer quality than households using private outdoor or indoor taps for HPC and E. coli (χ2 = 14.9, P = 0.001; χ2 = 6.6, P = 0.04 respectively). A similar trend (although not statistically significant) was observed for the other microbial indicators. The cross-sectional study demonstrated an apparent decrease in health risk associated with private outdoor taps in comparison to communal taps. This study suggests that a private outdoor tap is the minimum level of water supply in order to ensure the supply of safe water to developing communities.

Delegation and Control Revisited

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Honig
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
International Development ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Country Ownership ◽  
Development Organization ◽  
Workplace Experience ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter traces the relationship between political authorizing environments, international development organization (IDO) management, and IDO field agents, drawing on the empirics presented in chapters 6 and 7. It digs into the experience of working for USAID as compared to DFID. It also extends the discussion of delegation to implementing contractors and brings this book’s theorizing of Navigation by Judgment into conversation with other foreign aid solutions aimed at incorporating local knowledge, such as establishing country offices or ensuring projects have country ownership. This chapter connects Part II’s empirics more tightly to the mechanisms theorized in Part I , particularly the role of authorizing environment insecurity and the need to “manage up” (Chapter 4) and their implications for the workplace experience of agents (Chapter 3) and the entry and exit of personnel.

Public Powers, Private Powers, and the Exploitation of Metals for Coinage

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
Italian Journal ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

In 1994, an article appeared in the Italian journal Archeologia Medievale, written by Chris Wickham and Riccardo Francovich, entitled ‘Uno scavo archeologico ed il problema dello sviluppo della signoria territoriale: Rocca San Silvestro e i rapporti di produzione minerari’. It marked a breakthrough in the study of the exploitation of mineral resources (especially silver) in relation to forms of power, and the associated economic structure, and control of production between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. On the basis of the data available to archeological research at the time, the article ended with a series of open questions, especially relating to the early medieval period. The new campaign of field research, focused on the mining landscape of the Colline Metallifere in southern Tuscany, has made it possible to gather more information. While the data that has now been gathered are not yet sufficient to give definite and complete answers to those questions, they nevertheless allow us to now formulate some hypotheses which may serve as the foundations for broader considerations as regards the relationship between the exploitation of a fundamental resource for the economy of the time, and the main players and agents in that system of exploitation, within a landscape that was undergoing transformation in the period between the early medieval period and the middle centuries of the Middle Ages.

Cognitive Treatment for OCD

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen L. Whittal ◽  
Melisa Robichaud
Keyword(s):  
Term Treatment ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Cognitive Treatment ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Inflated Responsibility ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Of Thoughts

The cornerstone of cognitive treatment (CT) for OCD is based upon the knowledge that unwanted intrusions are essentially a universal experience. As such, it is not the presence of the intrusion that is problematic but rather the associated meaning or interpretation. Treatment is flexible, depending upon the nature of the appraisals and beliefs, but can include strategies focused on inflated responsibility and overestimation of threat, importance and control of thoughts, and the need for perfectionism and certainty. The role of concealment and the relationship to personal values are important maintaining and etiological factors. The short-term and long-term treatment outcome is reviewed, along with predictors of treatment response and mechanisms of action, and the chapter concludes with future directions regarding CT for OCD.

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