The effect of type of water supply on water quality in a developing community in South Africa

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Genthe ◽  
N. Strauss ◽  
J. Seager ◽  
C. Vundule ◽  
F. Maforah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Developing Communities ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Efforts to provide water to developing communities in South Africa have resulted in various types of water supplies being used. This study examined the relationship between the type of water supply and the quality of water used. Source (communal taps, private outdoor and indoor taps) and point-of-use water samples were examined for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total and faecal coliforms, E. coli, and coliphages. Ten percent of samples were also analysed for enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Approximately 320 households were included in a case-control study. In addition, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Both studies examined the relationship between different types of water facilities and diarrhoea among pre-school children. The source water was of good microbial quality, but water quality was found to have deteriorated significantly after handling and storage in both case and control households, exceeding drinking water quality guideline values by 1-6 orders of magnitude. Coliphage counts were low for all water samples tested. Enteric viruses and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. Giardia cysts were detected on one occasion in case and control in-house samples. Comparisons of whether in-house water, after handling and storage, complied with water quality guideline values demonstrated households using communal taps to have significantly poorer quality than households using private outdoor or indoor taps for HPC and E. coli (χ2 = 14.9, P = 0.001; χ2 = 6.6, P = 0.04 respectively). A similar trend (although not statistically significant) was observed for the other microbial indicators. The cross-sectional study demonstrated an apparent decrease in health risk associated with private outdoor taps in comparison to communal taps. This study suggests that a private outdoor tap is the minimum level of water supply in order to ensure the supply of safe water to developing communities.

Absence of Direct Association between Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Irrigation Water and on Produce

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 959-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
GAYEON WON ◽  
PAMELA J. SCHLEGEL ◽  
JENNIFER M. SCHROCK ◽  
JEFFREY T. LeJEUNE
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Cross

Irrigation water is considered a potential source of preharvest pathogen contamination of vegetables. Hence, several organizations have recommended microbiological standards for water used to irrigate edible plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the strength of association between microbial quality indicators (coliforms and Escherichia coli) in irrigation water and on irrigated vegetables. Data analyzed included original results from a cross-sectional study conducted in the Midwestern United States during summer 2009 and information presented in two previously published studies performed in France and Portugal to investigate microbial quality of irrigation water and watered produce. In the cross-sectional study, repetitive PCR (rep-PCR) was used to characterize genetic relatedness of E. coli isolates from water and vegetables. No significant correlations were found between fecal indicators on leafy greens (lettuce and parsley, n = 91) or fruit (tomatoes and green peppers, n = 22) and those found in irrigation water used in the cross-sectional study (P > 0.40) or in the previously published data sets (data set 1: lettuce and waste irrigation water, n = 15, P > 0.40; data set 2: lettuce and irrigation water, n = 32, P = 0.06). Rep-PCR banding patterns of E. coli strains were all distinguishable among the pairs of E. coli isolates recovered from produce and irrigation water on the same farm. From the available data, the concentration of indicator organisms based on a single measure of irrigation water quality was not associated with the presence of these indicators on produce. In the absence of additional information, the use of a single microbial water quality parameter as an indicator of produce safety is of limited value for predicting the safety of the produce.

scholarly journals The relationship between the TSH values and the Tpeak – Tend interval duration in hypothyroid patients receiving Levothyroxine treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Avni Findikli ◽  
Ayşe Şahin Tutak ◽  
Hakan Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hypothyroid Patients ◽  
Levothyroxine Treatment

Abstract Introduction. Changes in thyroid hormone level can affect the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to show how the Tpeak -Tend (Tpe) interval, which is a new marker of ventricular arrythmia, is affected in patients who have become euthyroid following Levothyroxine treatment for hypothyroidism, as this has not been examined previously in literature. Materials and Methods. This, cross-sectional study included a total of 119 females aged 18-45 years, separated into 3 groups as hypothyroid, euthyroid and control groups. For evaluation of the QTc and Tpe intervals, examination on precordial V5 lead was made of all the ECGs taken routinely on presentation of the patients. Results. The Tpe and QTc intervals of the hypothyroid group were determined to be significantly prolonged compared to those of the euthyroid and control groups (p < 0.001) and the values of the euthyroid and control groups were similar. A positive correlation was determined between TSH levels and Tpe and QTc intervals. Tpe interval AUC = 0.801 (%95 CI: 0.719 – 0.884) was higher than that of QTc AUC = 0.689 (%95 CI: 0.591 – 0.786). Conclusions. The Tpe duration was evaluated in respect of the risk of arrythmia in hypothyroid patients. In patients who had become euthyroid, the Tpe interval was found to be similar to that of healthy individuals and was more predictive than QTc. In the light of these findings it can be recommended that measurement of the Tpe interval should be preferred to QTc as a marker of the arrythmogenic effect in hypothyroid patients.

scholarly journals Human livelihoods and protected areas in Gabon: a cross-sectional comparison of welfare and consumption patterns

Oryx ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Foerster ◽  
David S. Wilkie ◽  
Gilda A. Morelli ◽  
Josefien Demmer ◽  
Malcolm Starkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Household Livelihood ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractUnderstanding the role that protected areas play in the livelihood security of local communities is essential to ensure that local people are not left shouldering the costs of what is a public good, and to help maintain robust local and national constituencies for biodiversity conservation. To provide baseline data for a longitudinal study on the effects of newly established national parks on human livelihoods in Gabon we conducted a cross-sectional study that compared livelihood indicators between communities that do, and do not, use natural resources within protected areas. We interviewed 2,035 households in 117 villages at four sites, recording income, consumption, education, health indicators and social capital, and village characteristics such as distance to markets, distance to park boundaries, and land cover within a 5-km radius. Our results indicated that closed rainforest coverage was greater around park than control villages and that this difference was associated with a greater reliance of park households on forest resources. However, we found no systematic differences in most livelihood measures between park and control households. Instead, the relationship between household livelihood measures and proximity to parks varied in idiosyncratic ways between sites, suggesting that determinants of human welfare are highly localized and cannot be generalized to larger spatial scales.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension and Its Risk Factors in (Central) Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Anh Hien ◽  
Nguyen Minh Tam ◽  
Vo Tam ◽  
Anselme Derese ◽  
Dirk Devroey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and its associated risk factors in (Central) Vietnam. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, a multistage sampling was used to select 969 participants from the general population aged from 40 to 69 years. The cardiovascular risk factors were collected throughout the interviews with a standardized questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to test the relationship between the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and the prevalence of risk factors. Results. The prevalence of hypertension was 44.8%. It was higher in men than in women (51.3% versus 39.7%, p < 0.001). In total 67.3% (74.5% in women, 60.1% in men; p = 0.001) of the participants were aware of their hypertension, 33.2% (37.5% in women, 28.9% in men; p = 0.01) of the participants were treated, and 12.2% (16.7% in women, 7.8% in men; p < 0.001) of the hypertensive participants’ hypertension was controlled. Age, gender, place of residence, body mass index, and diabetes were found to be independent risk factors for hypertension. Conclusion. The prevalence of hypertension in Vietnam is high, and the proportion of treated and controlled patients is rather low.

scholarly journals Relationship between migraine and sleep disorders in adolescents

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Lina Waty ◽  
Supriatmo Supriatmo ◽  
Bistok Saing
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Headache Type ◽  
Migraine Group ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sleeping Disorder

Background Headaches and sleep disorders may influenceacademic performances, personality, memory, and interpersonalrelationships. Migraine is the most common headache type seen inadolescents. Although headaches and sleep disorders are believedto be related, there has been little study in this area.Objectives To assess the relationship between migraine andsleep disorders in adolescents and compare different types ofsleep disorders found in adolescents with migraine vs. healthyadolescents.Methods We conducted a cross sectional study in December 2009on students of three junior high schools in the Secanggang District,Langkat Regency, North Sumatera. We included adolescents aged12 to 17 years who suffered from migraines, as defined by theInternational Cftissificaticm of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition criteria(ICHD-II), and h ealthy adolescents who did not experien cemigraines as the control group. Parents filled questionnaires ontheir child's sleep patterns for one week.Results A total of 100 adolescents were enrolled in the study,consisted of 50 adolescents in the migraine group and the others50 in the control group. There was a significant difference in theincidence of sleep disorders between the two groups (76% and30%, in the case and control groups, respectively; P= 0.0001).Moreover, significant differences were also found in the prevalenceof different sleeping disorder types between the case and controlgroups, i.e. insomnia (62% and 30%, respectively; P= 0.003), sleepapnea (56% and 16%, respectively; P= 0.0001), restlessness (56%and 18%, respectively; P= 0.0001) , parasomnia (76% and 10%,respectively; P= 0.0001), narcolepsy (42% and 16%, respectively;P= 0.008), and excessive daytime sleepiness (50% and 26%,respectively; P= 0.023).Conclusions Migraine in adolescents is significantly associatedwith sleep disorders. Parasomnia is the most common type ofsleeping disorder observed in adolescents with migraines in ourstudy.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Flood Disaster With The Incidence Of Diarrhea, Water Quality And Community Resilience in Water Supply: A Case Study in The City of Bukittinggi

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Putri Nilam Sari ◽  
Nofriya Nofriya
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Community Resilience ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Government ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Bukittinggi is a city in West Sumatra that become potential area for flooding. It is followed by increasing of diarrhea diseases. This also affects water quality. Bukittinggi is having problems with the provision of adequate clean water in accordance with the target of Sustainable Development Goals. This study aims to determine the relationship of floods to the incidence of diarrhea, water quality and community resilience in providing clean water for everyday life. The method used through a quantitative approach with cross-sectional design and conducted in December 2017 until January 2018. The results show the relationship between floods with diarrhea occurrence, water difficulty, water quality (smelly water, dirty water and the presence of insects and worms), as well as community resilience to help each other in water supply and water source storage to avoid contamination. It is advisable for the government to increase its social capacity in the provision of clean water because the city of Bukittinggi is vulnerable to floods that would damage water sources.

Coping Style as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Deliberate Self-Harm

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 272-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison S. Christian ◽  
Kristen M. McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Deliberate Self Harm ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Deliberate self-harm (DSH) occurs with high frequency among clinical and nonclinical youth populations. Although depression has been consistently linked with the behavior, not all depressed individuals engage in DSH. Aims: The current study examined maladaptive coping strategies (i.e., self-blame, distancing, and self-isolation) as mediators between depression and DSH among undergraduate students. Methods: 202 students from undergraduate psychology courses at a private university in Southern California (77.7% women) completed anonymous self-report measures. Results: A hierarchical regression model found no differences in DSH history across demographic variables. Among coping variables, self-isolation alone was significantly related to DSH. A full meditational model was supported: Depressive symptoms were significantly related to DSH, but adding self-isolation to the model rendered the relationship nonsignificant. Limitations: The cross-sectional study design prevents determination of whether a casual relation exists between self-isolation and DSH, and obscures the direction of that relationship. Conclusions: Results suggest targeting self-isolation as a means of DSH prevention and intervention among nonclinical, youth populations.

ROLE OF PHARMACIST INTERVENTION ON COPD PATIENTS OF SELECTED AREAS IN CHITRADURGA: A KAP STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin K Mathews ◽  
Abubaker Siddiq ◽  
Bharathi D R
Keyword(s):  
Illness Perceptions ◽  
Pharmacist Intervention ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Knowledge Practice ◽  
And Control

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is preventable and treatable disease state characterized by air flow limitation that is not fully reversible. Severity of the symptoms is increased during exacerbations. Objectives: The purpose of the study is to assess and improve the knowledge regarding COPD among study subjects. Materials and Methods: A Cross-sectional interventional study was carried out among the peoples in selected areas of the Chitradurga city for a period of six months. Result: A total 207 subjects enrolled in the study in that 155 male and 52 females. In our study mean score of post test was more (5.87±1.68) when compare to pre-test (2.63±1.46) which show significant increase in their knowledge after educating them (p=0.000). A total of 207 subjects were enrolled into the study. SPSS Software was used to calculate the statistical estimation. Paired t-test was used to detect the association status of different variables. Conclusion: The relatively good level of COPD awareness needs to be maintained to facilitate future prevention and control of the disease. This study had identified that negative illness perceptions should be targeted, so that they will not avoid patients from seeking for COPD treatment and adhere to it. Key words: Cross sectional study, Knowledge, practice, COPD.

IDENTIFIKASI SERTA HUBUNGAN KONSTRUKSI SUMUR GALI TERHADAP KANDUNGAN COLIFORM PADA AIR SUMUR GALI DI DUSUN JIKEN KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Dini Yuliansari
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Variable ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Dug Well ◽  
The Relationship

The well is one of the source water used for bathing, washing, and drinking by the citizens in Jiken Hamlet, Rarang Village, Terara Sub-District. Poor dug well construction conditions can affect the amount of coliform bacteria contained in the dug well water. The purpose of this study is to identify the construction of dug wells and the content of coliform bacteria in dug well water and determine the relationship between dug well construction and the content of coliform bacteria. This research is analytic with a cross sectional study design. The results were obtained from 11 samples of dug wells which were observed in construction and the coliform content was known that all samples did not requirements as good dug well construction. Coliform content test results showed that as many as 5 dug well water samples did not pass the clean water quality standards. The results of data analysis with the chi-square test variable construction of dug wells with coliform content variable  showed 0,172 > 0,05, then the concluded is the dug well not suitable to use by people in that area as a source of water for daily needs.

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