Diet determination for small laboratory-housed wild mammals

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Périssé ◽  
Carlos Roberto Sörensen Dutra da Fonseca ◽  
Rui Cerqueira
Keyword(s):  
Good Condition ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
In Captivity

Adaptation of wild mammals to captivity is a decisive and limiting step in laboratory research. Here we describe a method to determine a diet that meets the nutritional and water requirements of small wild mammals in captivity. Several kinds of food are offered to the animals and a preference index (P) is calculated. A diet prepared with foods obtaining P ≥ 1.00 for 50% or more of the individuals is given to the animals. This diet contains the same proportions of proteins, lipids, and glucides determined by the food preferences experiment. Two groups are fed on this diet, one with free water and the other without, and their weights are monitored for approximately 12 days. The results allow the detection of water and nutritional deficiencies. We used these procedures with the grey four-eyed opossum, Philander opossum (Polyprotodontia, Didelphidae), and obtained a balanced diet of eggs, meat, banana, and orange that has proved suitable for keeping these animals in good condition.

Specialized Diet Therapies: Exploration for Improving Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (40) ◽  
pp. 6771-6786
Author(s):  
Geir Bjørklund ◽  
Nagwa Abdel Meguid ◽  
Maryam Dadar ◽  
Lyudmila Pivina ◽  
Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Restricted Interests ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
The Individual

As a major neurodevelopmental disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses deficits in communication and repetitive and restricted interests or behaviors in childhood and adolescence. Its etiology may come from either a genetic, epigenetic, neurological, hormonal, or an environmental cause, generating pathways that often altogether play a synergistic role in the development of ASD pathogenesis. Furthermore, the metabolic origin of ASD should be important as well. A balanced diet consisting of the essential and special nutrients, alongside the recommended caloric intake, is highly recommended to promote growth and development that withstand the physiologic and behavioral challenges experienced by ASD children. In this review paper, we evaluated many studies that show a relationship between ASD and diet to develop a better understanding of the specific effects of the overall diet and the individual nutrients required for this population. This review will add a comprehensive update of knowledge in the field and shed light on the possible nutritional deficiencies, metabolic impairments (particularly in the gut microbiome), and malnutrition in individuals with ASD, which should be recognized in order to maintain the improved socio-behavioral habit and physical health.

Wild mammals in captivity: Principles and techniques

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 243-244
Author(s):  
W. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Wild Mammals ◽  
In Captivity

Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques.Devra G. Kleiman , Mary E. Allen , Katerina V. Thompson , Susan Lumpkin

1998 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-86
Author(s):  
James H. Shaw ◽  
Tracy S. Carter ◽  
Tammie Bettinger
Keyword(s):  
Wild Mammals ◽  
In Captivity

scholarly journals Food preferences of cockatiel chicks ( Nymphicus hollandicus ) in captivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-686
Author(s):  
D.A.S. Naves ◽  
T.S.G. Carvalho ◽  
M.G. Zangeronimo ◽  
C.E.P. Saad ◽  
J.D. Scalon
Keyword(s):  
Food Preferences ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Nymphicus Hollandicus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Seed Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Extruded Feed ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

ABSTRACT In order to improve the management and maintenance of the quality of life of captive wild birds, this study aimed to assess the food preferences of cockatiel chicks (Nymphicus hollandicus) kept in captivity. Thirty-two cockatiel chicks, three to 12 months of age, were kept in a galvanized, wire-netted vivarium with six ceramic feeders, two for an extruded diet, two for a dry-mashed diet and two for a seed mixture. Both extruded and dry-mashed food are commercial psittacine diets. Three round ceramic pots were used to provide water. The birds were exposed to 12 hours of artificial light (40 W incandescent lamps) during the experimental period of 27 days. The birds were observed by video filming, daily, through an ad libitum observation technique. The food consumption was 3.34±0.42g/bird/day of extruded feed, 1.58±0.44g/bird/day of dry-mashed diet and 3.73±0.10g/bird/day of seed mixture. In conclusion, the cockatiel chicks preferred the seed mixture and the extruded food over the dry-mashed diet.

Diet selection in Arctic lemmings (Lemmus sibericus and Dicrostonyx groenlandicus): food preferences

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1161-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur R. Rodgers ◽  
Martin C. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Dicrostonyx Groenlandicus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Preference Patterns ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Testing of hypotheses relating lemming population dynamics to their food supply requires a detailed understanding of several major components of the diet selection process such as requirements, availability, preference, and selectivity. In this study, food preferences of Arctic lemmings were determined in cafeteria trials: Lemmus preferred graminoids and moss, while Dicrostonyx preferred shrubs and herbs. The stability of these preference patterns in each species was tested in further experimental cafeteria trials. Individuals of both species were pretreated on one of several diets, and two main types of trial were conducted involving limited and unlimited availability of test foods. Naive animals of both species, born and raised in captivity on artificial diets, were also used in the trials. In all cases, preference patterns in each species were maintained, suggesting that they are strongly heritable. Comparison of preference indices to the physical and chemical characteristics of tundra plants indicates that preference patterns in both species are related primarily to macronutrients and caloric content. Differences between Lemmus and Dicrostonyx are determined by secondary compounds and the physical characteristics of the plant species preferred by each. Comparison of ingestion rates and digestibility coefficients indicate that Dicrostonyx has a greater capacity than Lemmus in dealing with the negative characteristics of plants, such as secondary compounds or the presence of plant "hairs."

Food Consumption Pattern and Nutrient Intake in Selected Blocks of Palampur Tehsil of Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Rekha Sharma ◽  
Y. S. Dhaliwal ◽  
Ranjana Verma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Food Consumption Pattern

<p>Economic growth is typically accompanied by improvements in a country’s food supply, both quantitative and qualitative, and a gradual reduction in nutritional deficiencies. It also brings about changes in the production, processing, distribution and marketing of food. Diets evolve over time and are influenced by factors such as income, prices, individual preferences and beliefs, cultural traditions, as well as geographical, environmental, social and economic factors. The economic growth in a country eventually leads to a shift in food preferences and consumption pattern and affects nutritional status of the people. This study aims to gather knowledge about food consumption pattern and nutrient intake of respondents of selected blocks of Palampur Tehsil. Palampur Tehsil was selected purposely as it represents the cosmopolitan population. The food consumed by the subject was determined by using 24 hr recall method. The actual intake of food was calculated by using standard nutritive values and RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) of NIN (National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad). The results were presented in tabular form using average, percentage and NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio) value. Results show that maximum number of respondents were non-vegetarian. The per capita intake for cereal was higher in Baijnath (436.00±9.08 g/day), followed by Bhawarna (430.33±2.11 g/day) and Panchrukhi (426.43±15.81 g/day) respectively as compared to RDA (400 g/day). The per capita intake of pulses (g/day) was less as compared to RDA in Baijnath (65.30±2.21g/day) and Bhawarna (69.49±2.13 g/day). A slightly higher consumption of pulses was observed in Panchrukhi (81.69±2.54 g/day). The higher number of non vegetarian were from Panchrukhi (90%) followed by Baijnath (73.33%) and Bhawarna (60%) blocks respectively. Per capita consumption of vegetables was significantly less in Panchrukhi (198.77±8.69 g/day), Baijnath (277.69±10.62g/day) and Bhawarna (301.00±14.20g/day it is at par with RDA (300 g/day). The consumption of ‘milk and milk products’ was highest in Bhawarna (375.56±22.95 g/day), followed by Baijnath (344.62± 14.99 g/day) and Panchrukhi (212.81±20.82 g/day). Consumption of ‘fats and oils’ by the respondents in all blocks were higher as compared to RDA (30 g/day).</p>

XIV.—A Preliminary Investigation into the Use of Xenopus lævis as a Test Animal for Biological Assay of Chorionic Gonadotropin

1948 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Landgrebe
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Test Animal ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Good Laboratory ◽  
Repeated Use

The South African clawed toad, Xenopus Iœvis, ovulates and extrudes its eggs into the water after injection of gonadotropic extracts (Hogben, 1930). Xenopus has been shown to be a most satisfactory test animal for the detection of chorionic gonadotropin in the urine of pregnant women, provided the toad is in good condition. In the last ten years much work has been done on the husbandry and breeding of these animals and good laboratory conditions specified (Alexander and Bellerby, 1938; Landgrebe, 1939; Landgrebe and Purser, 1941; Gasche, 1943; Landgrebe and Samson, 1944). This toad has many advantages over other test animals. It lives indefinitely in the laboratory; the author has kept some animals for over twelve years, and they still respond to injection of gonadotropic extracts by ovulation and extrusion of eggs into the water. Recognition of this response does not necessitate killing the animal. Since Xenopus never ovulates spontaneously under normal laboratory conditions and does not extrude all its eggs simultaneously after an injection of gonadotropic extract, it can be used repeatedly. Each toad can be used at least twenty-four times under the conditions specified. The animals can be kept in good condition without much demand on laboratory routine. They need feeding and cleaning only once a week. The toads are very viable. Apart from the few deaths which often occur soon after a new stock arrives in this country, the writer has lost only eight animals in the last three years, during which time the average number kept was 500 and the number of test injections exceeded 5000. If kept at 22° C. the normal animal in good condition ovulates and extrudes eggs into the water within 24 hours after the single large dose of gonadotropic substance used in routine pregnancy diagnosis. These advantages, and the possibility of realising a simple 24-hour quantitative assay of chorionic gonadotropin, prompted an investigation into the use of the toad as a test animal for this purpose. Necessary preliminaries include inquiry into the effect on sensitivity of (1) temperature, (2) light, (3) weight of animal, (4) repeated use, and (5) route of injection. These points have been investigated with a view to the discovery of the most important variables. All the animals used have been in captivity for many years, and had previously been used many times for routine Hogben tests for pregnancy.

The Management of Wild Mammals in Captivity. Lee S. Crandall

1965 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-187
Author(s):  
Bryan P. Glass
Keyword(s):  
Wild Mammals ◽  
In Captivity

scholarly journals Covid-19: natural or anthropic origin?

Mammalia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Hassanin ◽  
Philippe Grandcolas ◽  
Géraldine Veron
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Manis Javanica ◽  
The City ◽  
Archive Data

AbstractViruses similar to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been discovered in bats of the genus Rhinolophus and in the Sunda pangolin, Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822, suggesting that these animals have played a key role in the emergence of the Covid-19 outbreak in the city of Wuhan, China. In this paper, we review the available data for sarbecoviruses (viruses related to SARS-CoV [2002–2003 outbreak] and SARS-CoV-2) to propose all possible hypotheses on the origin of Covid-19, i. e., involving direct transmission from horseshoe bats to humans, indirect transmission via the pangolin or another animal, with interspecies contamination between either wild animals or animals kept in cage. Present evidence indicates that Rhinolophus bats are the natural reservoir of all sarbecoviruses, and that two divergent SARS-CoV-2-like viruses have circulated in southern China (at least in Guangxi and Guangdong provinces) between August 2017 and March 2019 in captive pangolins destined for sale in wildlife markets. We performed a genetic analysis of seven seized pangolins found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2-like virus using mitochondrial DNA sequences extracted from Sequence Reads Archive data. The results reveal that the same SARS-CoV-2-like virus can be found in animals with distinct haplotypes, which means that they were probably captured in different Southeast Asian regions. Our interpretation is that some pangolins were contaminated in captivity (by other pangolins or by another species to be determined), suggesting that illegal trade of living wild mammals is at the origin of the Covid-19 outbreak. To definitely validate this hypothesis, it is however necessary to discover a virus almost identical to SARS CoV-2 (at least 99% of identity) in animals sold in wet markets. Although pangolins are good candidates, other mammals, such as small carnivores, should not be overlooked.

scholarly journals Outbreak of oral ulcers (glossitis) among the students of three central schools under Tsirang district Bhutan, 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tshewang Gyeltshen ◽  
Lham Dorji ◽  
Leki Dorj ◽  
Kuenga Choden
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Oral Ulcers ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Nutritional Survey

Abstract Background Nutritional deficiencies are common worldwide and is most notable in low and middle income countries. In the early weeks of September 2018, oral sores mostly affecting the tongue were reported in three central schools under Tsirang district, Bhutan. A total of 204 students were affected in the three central schools. All the affected students have been assessed on the outbreak and nutritional survey was conducted in the three schools. Methods A total of 204 students who complained of different oral lesions in the affected three schools were screened by the dental surgeon for clinical assessment and administered questionnaire for nutritional assessment by the nutritionist. Twenty-one students randomly selected were sent for blood tests for micronutrient assays and complete blood count. 41 students were tested for Exfoliative cell cytology to test for fungal elements. The collected data was double entered and validated using Epi-Data version 3.1 and analysed using Stata 15 IC. The characteristics of the participants are presented as frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation (SD). Results Almost all the affected students in all the three schools had complaints of Burning Sensation (n = 158) followed by Pain (n = 153), Impaired Taste Sensation (n = 100) and Intolerance to Spicy Food (n = 95). Nutritional assessment analysis suggested schools not meeting the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for all components of Vitamin B complexes and Iron. Conclusion Clinical assessments and nutritional survey analysis found inadequate vitamin rich dietary intakes among all the three schools. Implementation of a strict school feeding program with a balanced diet has been suggested accordingly.

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