Intra- and inter-specific dominance relationships among arctic and snowshoe hares

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M. Fitzgerald ◽  
Lloyd B. Keith
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Agonistic Interaction ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Competition Theory ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Breeding Condition ◽  
Free Ranging

The geographic ranges of arctic and snowshoe hares (Lepus arcticus and L. americanus) rarely overlap. In Newfoundland and elsewhere in North America, arctic hares occupy treeless barrens or tundra, whereas snowshoe hares inhabit forest. We explored the hypothesis that such allopatry reflects interference competition, an agonistic interaction in which snowshoe hares are behaviourally dominant. To assess both inter- and intra-specific dominance, we conducted a series of dyadic trials in outdoor pens and also observed interactions of free-ranging individuals. Five testable predictions were inferred, a priori, from competition theory and previous leporid studies: (i) heavier individuals are dominant, (ii) adults dominate juveniles, (iii) females dominate males when both are in breeding condition, (iv) males dominate females when neither are in breeding condition, and (v) adults in breeding condition dominate those that are not. With snowshoe hares, tests for predictions i and ii were inconclusive, and iii was probably verified (P = 0.03). With arctic hares, test results were inconclusive for i, verified for ii (P < 0.01), and rejected for iii and iv, dominance being unrelated to sex or breeding condition. Prediction v could not be tested intraspecifically, but arctic hares dominated snowshoe hares in 84 of 85 dyads, including those where snowshoes weighed more, or were in breeding condition and arctic hares were not. It is, therefore, highly unlikely that interference competition with snowshoe hares is responsible for the current restriction of arctic hares to barrens and tundra.

scholarly journals Effects of genomic and functional diversity on stand-level productivity and performance of non-native Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn G. Turner ◽  
Claire M. Lorts ◽  
Asnake T. Haile ◽  
Jesse R. Lasky
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
High Resource ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Resource Conditions

AbstractBiodiversity can affect the properties of groups of organisms, such as ecosystem function and the persistence of colonizing populations. Genomic data offer a newly available window to diversity, complementary to other measures like taxonomic or phenotypic diversity. We tested whether native genetic diversity in field experimental stands of Arabidopsis thaliana affected their aboveground biomass and fecundity in their colonized range. We constructed some stands of genotypes that we a priori predicted would differ in performance or show overyielding. We found no relationship between genetic diversity and stand total biomass. However, increasing stand genetic diversity increased fecundity in high resource conditions. Polyculture (multiple genotype) stands consistently yielded less biomass than expected based on the yields of component genotypes in monoculture. This under-yielding was strongest in stands with late-flowering and high biomass genotypes, potentially due to interference competition by these genotypes. Using a new implementation of association mapping, we identified genetic loci whose diversity was associated with stand-level yield, revealing a major flowering time locus associated with under-yielding of polycultures. Our field experiment supports community ecology studies that find a range of diversity-function relationships. Nevertheless, our results suggest diversity in colonizing propagule pools can enhance population fitness. Furthermore, interference competition among genotypes differing in flowering time might limit the advantages of polyculture.

Reevaluating Order Effects in the Binaural Bithermal Caloric Test

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Burnette ◽  
Erin G. Piker ◽  
Dennis Frank-Ito
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Caloric Test ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Vestibular Disorder ◽  
Total Response ◽  
The Right ◽  
Unilateral Weakness

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether a significant order effect exists in the binaural bithermal caloric test. Method Fifteen volunteers (mean age = 24.3 years, range = 18–38 years) with no history of vestibular disorder, hearing loss, concussion, or neurological disease underwent caloric testing on 3 occasions. Irrigations were randomized using 8 possible order combinations. The parameters of interest included unilateral weakness, directional preponderance, total response from the right ear, and total response from the left ear. Results Order effects were analyzed using 2 methods. The first analysis was done looking at the 8 possible orders. We also had an a priori established hypothesis that the first irrigation tested would influence the calculation of unilateral weakness more than the other 3 irrigations. To test this hypothesis, the 8 orders were condensed into 4 order conditions based on the first irrigation. The effect of order was determined using analysis of variance tests. Although the first irrigation tended to be the largest, no significant effects were observed. Conclusions This experiment demonstrated that while there is great inter-individual and intra-individual variability in caloric test results, the order of irrigations had no significant effect in the test. Future studies may explore the effects of nonphysiological factors on test results.

scholarly journals Leveraging Extraction Testing to Predict Patient Exposure to Polymeric Medical Device Leachables Using Physics-based Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-211
Author(s):  
Paul Turner ◽  
Robert M Elder ◽  
Keaton Nahan ◽  
Anne Talley ◽  
Saloni Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Device ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Patient Exposure ◽  
Extraction Test ◽  
Routine Basis

Abstract Toxicological risk assessment approaches are increasingly being used in lieu of animal testing to address toxicological concerns associated with release of chemical constituents from polymeric medical device components. These approaches currently rely on in vitro extraction testing in aggressive environments to estimate patient exposure to these constituents, but the clinical relevance of the test results is often ambiguous. Physics-based mass transport models can provide a framework to interpret extraction test results to provide more clinically relevant exposure estimates. However, the models require system-specific material properties, such as diffusion (D) and partition coefficients (K), to be established a priori for the extraction conditions. Using systems comprised high-density polyethylene and 4 different additives, we demonstrate that these properties can be quantified through standard extraction testing in hexane and isopropyl alcohol. The values of D and K derived in this manner were consistent with theoretical predictions for these quantities. Based on these results, we discuss both the challenges and benefits to leveraging extraction data to parameterize physics-based exposure models. Our observations suggest that clinically relevant, yet still conservative, exposure dose estimates provided by applying this approach to a single extraction measurement can be more than 100 times lower than would be measured under typical aggressive extraction conditions. However, to apply the framework on a routine basis, limiting values of D and K must be established for device-relevant systems either through the aggregation and analysis of more extensive extraction test data and/or advancements in theoretical and computational modeling efforts to predict these quantities.

The cold shoulder: free-ranging snowshoe hares maintain a low cost of living in cold climates

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 956-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Sheriff ◽  
J. R. Speakman ◽  
L. Kuchel ◽  
S. Boutin ◽  
M. M. Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

The hypothesis that cold air temperatures (Ta) constrain the metabolic diversity of high-latitude endotherms is based on the observation among birds and mammals that mean field metabolic rate (FMR) increases, whereas the variability of FMR decreases, from the warm tropics to the cold poles. However, there is a paucity of FMR measurements from above 60° latitude and below 0 °C. We measured the daily energy expenditure of a high-latitude population of free-ranging snowshoe hares ( Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777) in Yukon, Canada, in winter (Ta-mean = –16.4 °C) and in autumn (Ta-mean = 0.5 °C). Doubly labelled water measures of FMR were approximately 20% lower in winter than in autumn, and were a similar, low multiple of resting metabolic rate in both seasons (2.04 and 1.94, respectively). The mass-corrected FMR of snowshoe hares in winter was only half the value predicted by extrapolating the relationship between FMR and Ta > 0 to –16.4 °C. These results contribute to an emerging pattern of a reversal in the relationship between FMR and Ta in free-ranging mammals from negative above 0 °C to positive below 0 °C. We refer to the positive, low Ta portion of this relationship as the cold shoulder, and suggest that it may reflect the general necessity for free-ranging mammals to use behavioural and (or) physiological means to conserve energy during long winters when cold conditions coincide with resource scarcity.

Seasonal Metabolic Acclimatization in a Northern Population of Free-Ranging Snowshoe Hares,Lepus americanus

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Sheriff ◽  
Louise Kuchel ◽  
Stan Boutin ◽  
Murray M. Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Lepus Americanus ◽  
Northern Population ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Free Ranging

scholarly journals Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Filoni ◽  
José Luiz Catão-Dias ◽  
Valentino Cattori ◽  
Barbara Willi ◽  
Marina L. Meli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Feline Leukemia Virus ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Serologic Evidence ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

The aim of the current study was to investigate the exposure of captive wild felids to various infectious pathogens using serological and molecular methods. One hundred and fifty-nine neotropic felids and 51 exotic felids from 28 captive settings in Brazil were tested. While antibodies against Feline parvovirus and Feline coronavirus (FCoV), Feline calicivirus and Bartonella spp. were frequently detected by serologic tests, antibodies against Felid herpesvirus 1 or infection with hemotropic mycoplasmas were less prevalent. Serologic evidence of exposure to Ehrlichia spp., Feline immunodeficiency virus, and Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was detected rarely, and infections with FeLV, Ehrlichia spp., and Cytauxzoon spp. were found infrequently. The detected Bartonella sequence was molecularly similar to B. koehlerae and B. henselae; for Cytauxzoon, the sequence resembled those from domestic cats. No Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Theileria spp. infections were detected. The positive test results varied significantly among different facilities and species. Additionally, FCoV seropositivity was more prevalent in captivity than in free-ranging populations. Results suggest that testing is appropriate prior to relocation of felids.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN ALGORITMA APRIORI DALAM MENENTUKAN POLA PEMBELIAN KONSUMEN DI KAFE HIDDEN TOAST AND FLOAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Ridwan Rismanto ◽  
Lucki Darmawan ◽  
Arief Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Transaction Data ◽  
Online Purchases ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Purchasing Patterns ◽  
The City ◽  
Computerized System ◽  
Confidence Value

Progress in Information Technology encourages culinary businesses to innovate, one of them is a computerized system, online-based sales and several interesting features that can increase consumer interest and increase sales to be the most frequently used innovation today. The cafe "Hidden Toast and Float" is a cafe in the City of Kediri. To increase sales from the cafe, a system is needed to facilitate the owner in recording sales and increasing the number of sales by providing automatic menu recommendations to customers. Based on the problem, in this thesis a website-based sales system and sales system will be created that is accompanied by the application of a priori algorithm to determine the purchasing patterns of customers and automatic menu recommendations from the system for customers. The test results of this thesis are two website-based systems with admin systems used to process existing data on the database and customer websites that are used for online purchases, as well as the application of a priori algorithms with the results of testing sample data and real data that produce menu combination recommendations. most often purchased based on all transaction data, namely Dark Choco Jam and Cappucino with a support value of 15% and a confidence value of 45%.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY TEST RESULTS OF A ROCKET ENGINE BASED ON A LOGICAL-PROBABILISTIC METHOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Sergey Mikhailovich Podolchak
Keyword(s):  
Rocket Engine ◽  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Rocket Engines ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Reliability Models ◽  
Complex Technical Systems ◽  
Priori Information ◽  
Theory Of Evidence ◽  
The Cost

A logical-probabilistic method for evaluating the test result is proposed, which is based on the theory of evidence of Dempster-Schafer with some assumptions that do not affect the final result. Currently, there is an acute question of creating new types of rocket technology in connection with a change in the situation on the international and domestic market. When creating new samples, it is necessary to pay special attention to the level of their reliability, but also remember to take into account the financial component of projects for the development and manufacture of products. In this regard, research is currently being conducted not only in the direction of increasing the reliability of complex technical systems, which include rocket engines, but also in reducing the cost of their refinement. One of the research options in this direction was proposed by the author in this work. The aim of the work and research as a whole was to demonstrate the capabilities of the chosen method for evaluating the test results, according to which it would be possible to draw conclusions about the success of the tests themselves. As studies have shown, the logical-probabilistic method for evaluating test results based on the Dempster-Schafer theory of evidence, due to the lack of a priori information, can be used in the development of new rocket engine models, but only in a narrow direction. More widely, this method can be used in the design of products based on accumulated experience (amount of information) on existing analogues. Dempster-Schafer proof theory can be applied at earlier design stages, but only in combination with other reliability models.

scholarly journals Competitiveness of seafood enterprises: the case study of Ba-Ria-Vung-Tau province, Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 06001
Author(s):  
Aí Huu Tran
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Competition Theory ◽  
Legal Factor ◽  
Seafood Processing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Traditional Competition

This study aims to identify and measure the impact on the Competitive capability of frozen seafood processing enterprises in BR-VT province. Research access tocompetitiveness is based on competency theory, different from previous domestic studies primarily approaching competitiveness based on traditional competition theory and value chain theory. The research model consists of 9 factors. The study was conducted with 356 survey samples of 76 frozen seafood processing enterprises, surveyed through a questionnaire.Data analysis through SPSS 24.0. The test results have 8 accepted hypothesis, the highest impact factor is the ability to access and innovate technology with β = 0.3328 (p = 0.000) and the lowest is local infrastructure factorwith β = 0.067 (p = 0.042), and Policy and Legal Factor with β = - 0.038 (p = 0.249), there is not statistical significance should not be accepted.

Energy requirements of eastern coyotes

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Pekins ◽  
William W. Mautz
Keyword(s):  
Prey Species ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Seasonal Metabolism ◽  
Snow Conditions ◽  
Free Ranging

We used indirect respiration calorimetry to measure seasonal metabolism and lower critical temperatures (TLC) of eastern coyotes (Canis latrans var.). The yearly mean basal metabolic rate was 10.6 L O2∙kg−1∙d−1. No difference was found among seasonal BMRs. The TLC values were 10, 0, and 5 °C during summer, autumn, and spring, respectively. Metabolism increased linearly below the TLC values. Normal temperatures in New Hampshire were well within the seasonal thermoneutral zones of eastern coyotes. The average daily energy requirements of free-ranging eastern coyotes during winter were estimated as 163.5 kcal∙kg−1 (3 × BMR). A 15-kg coyote required three snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) every 2 days to satisfy these energy needs. In northern forested habitats, where hare and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) may represent the primary prey species, interrelationships of the energy requirements of eastern coyotes with coyote breeding activity, sociality, and snow conditions may favor predation of white-tailed deer during late winter, particularly if hare availability is low.

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