Nouvelles données sur la masse du squelette chez les grands cétacés (Mammalia, Cetacea)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 828-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Robineau ◽  
Vivian de Buffrénil
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Whale ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Skeletal Mass ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Functional Patterns ◽  
Total Body

The mass of dry and fat-free skeletons was measured in a small sample representing five species of large cetaceans: two balaenids, two balaenopterids, and one physeterid (the sperm whale). Expressed as a percentage of total body mass, skeletal mass in these animals varies from 3.5 to 5%. Such values are very close to those established previously for small to medium size toothed whales. This means that the dynamics of mass growth of the skeleton, as compared with that of the body as a whole, does not follow a positive allometry in cetaceans. Such a growth pattern differs markedly from the tendencies described in terrestrial mammals. Conversely, it is similar to that described in bony fishes. The distribution of loads within the skeletons reflects rather different functional patterns among the taxa examined here. The possible adaptive significance of these differences is discussed in reference to the locomotion of large cetaceans.

Influence du mode de vie sur les caractéristiques pondérales et structurales du squelette chez les amphibiens anoures

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Castanet ◽  
Maria Helena Caetano
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Selective Reduction ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Skeletal Mass ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Mass Size ◽  
Total Body

To specify the influence of a permanent aquatic life on skeletal mass and bone structure in anuran amphibians, the general and regional masses of the skeleton, as well as several histomorphometric indices of the bones (porosity, corticodiaphyseal index, density) were compared in four ranid species, two predominantly aquatic (Rana perezi and R. esculenta) and two more terrestrial (R. temporaria and R. dalmatina). The relative mass of the skeleton (as a percentage of the total body mass) is significantly lower in aquatic forms. This difference is not a phenomenon of intra- or inter-specific allometry between skeletal mass and body mass (size effect). Rather, it reflects a selective reduction of skeletal volume (low corticodiaphyseal index values and higher porosity), in particular in the autopodia, pectoral girdle, front limbs, and vertebral column of aquatic forms. These results reinforce the idea that habitat and mode of life are selective factors producing a more or less developed skeleton in anurans. Whether a lighter skeleton is a permanent adaptative feature or a reversible response in predominantly aquatic anurans remains to be tested.

scholarly journals Estimating body segment parameters from three-dimensional human body scans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Kudzia ◽  
Erika A. Jackson ◽  
Genevieve A. Dumas
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
Surface Scanning ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
3D Surface ◽  
Longitudinal Length ◽  
Mass Moment ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Segment Parameters

Body segment parameters are inputs for a range of applications. The estimation of body segment parameters that are participant-specific is desirable as it requires fewer prior assumptions and can reduce outcome measurement errors. Commonly used methods for estimating participant-specific body segment parameters are either expensive and out of reach (medical imaging), have many underlying assumptions (geometrical modelling) or are based on a specific subset of a population (regression models). Our objective was to develop a participant-specific 3D scanning and body segmentation method that estimates body segment parameters without any assumptions about the geometry of the body, ethnic background, and gender, is low-cost, fast, and can be readily available. Using a Microsoft Kinect camera, we developed a 3D surface scanning protocol that estimated participant-specific body segment parameters. To evaluate our system, we performed repeated 3D scans of 21 healthy participants (10 male, 11 female). We used open-source software to segment each body scan into 16 segments (head, torso, abdomen, pelvis, left and right hand, forearm, upper arm, foot, shank and thigh) and wrote custom software to estimate each segment's mass, mass moment of inertia in the three principal orthogonal axes relevant to the center of the segment, longitudinal length, and center of mass. We compared our body segment parameter estimates to those obtained using two comparison methods and found that our system was consistent in estimating total body volume between repeated scans (male p=0.1194, female p = 0.2240), estimated total body mass without significant differences when compared to our comparison method and a medical scale (male p=0.8529, female p = 0.6339), and generated consistent and comparable estimates across all of the body segment parameters of interest. The work here outlines an inexpensive 3D surface scanning approach for estimating a range of participant-specific body segment parameters.

Development of a Bioinspired Underwater Robot Using a Single Actuator

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 94-102
Author(s):  
Myoung-Jae Jun ◽  
Chang-Soo Han
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Inertia Force ◽  
Underwater Robot ◽  
Restoring Force ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Propulsion Mechanism ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Motion Characteristics ◽  
Direction Opposite

Abstract We propose a novel propulsion mechanism for an underwater robot inspired by the pectoral fins of a fish. This device is referred to as the “flipper.” The flipper is connected to a rotational motor, and its shape is similar to that of the real fish's fins. The flipper using the propulsion mechanism proposed in this study has 1 degree of freedom. We can control the test robot during forward motion as well as its direction-changing operation. The experimental test robot is composed of a flipper at the front of the robot's head, together with a body and a tail/vertical fin. The electronic components are installed into the body. The tail functions to maintain the horizontal/vertical balance of the robot. Forward propulsion is achieved through the rotation of the flipper. The robot's direction can be changed by repeated oscillation of the flipper in a direction opposite to that of the desired angle. Several experiments were performed to measure the thrust force of the experimental robot and its motion characteristics in a test water pool. The experimental results show that the proposed propulsion method is viable.<def-list> Nomenclature <def-item> <term> F T </term> <def> = Thrust </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> F I </term> <def> = Inertia force </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> F B </term> <def> = Buoyancy </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> B V </term> <def> = Platform volume </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> V target </term> <def> = Target speed </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> ρ </term> <def> = Water density </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> P </term> <def> = Flipper pitch </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> D </term> <def> = Drag force </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> C D </term> <def> = Drag coefficient </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> A </term> <def> = Projection of the frontal area </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> T </term> <def> = Effective power </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> P m </term> <def> = Propeller power </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> C M </term> <def> = Center of total body mass </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> C B </term> <def> = Center of buoyancy </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> C F </term> <def> = Center of flipper mass </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> F DS </term> <def> = Restoring force </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> g </term> <def> = Gravity </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> Q </term> <def> = Motor torque at maximum revolutions per minute </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> rps reasonable </term> <def> = Reasonable revolutions per second </def> </def-item> </def-list>

scholarly journals Estimating body segment parameters from three-dimensional human body scans

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262296
Author(s):  
Pawel Kudzia ◽  
Erika Jackson ◽  
Genevieve Dumas
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
Surface Scanning ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
3D Surface ◽  
Longitudinal Length ◽  
Mass Moment ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Segment Parameters

Body segment parameters are inputs for a range of applications. Participant-specific estimates of body segment parameters are desirable as this requires fewer prior assumptions and can reduce outcome measurement errors. Commonly used methods for estimating participant-specific body segment parameters are either expensive and out of reach (medical imaging), have many underlying assumptions (geometrical modelling) or are based on a specific subset of a population (regression models). Our objective was to develop a participant-specific 3D scanning and body segmentation method that estimates body segment parameters without any assumptions about the geometry of the body, ethnic background, and gender, is low-cost, fast, and can be readily available. Using a Microsoft Kinect Version 2 camera, we developed a 3D surface scanning protocol that enabled the estimation of participant-specific body segment parameters. To evaluate our system, we performed repeated 3D scans of 21 healthy participants (10 male, 11 female). We used open source tools to segment each body scan into 16 segments (head, torso, abdomen, pelvis, left and right hand, forearm, upper arm, foot, shank and thigh) and wrote custom software to estimate each segment’s mass, mass moment of inertia in the three principal orthogonal axes relevant to the center of the segment, longitudinal length, and center of mass. We compared our body segment parameter estimates to those obtained using two comparison methods and found that our system was consistent in estimating total body volume between repeated scans (male p = 0.1194, female p = 0.2240), estimated total body mass without significant differences when compared to our comparison method and a medical scale (male p = 0.8529, female p = 0.6339), and generated consistent and comparable estimates across a range of the body segment parameters of interest. Our work here outlines and provides the code for an inexpensive 3D surface scanning method for estimating a range of participant-specific body segment parameters.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Skeletal Mass and Total Body Mass in Birds

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e0141794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Martin-Silverstone ◽  
Orsolya Vincze ◽  
Ria McCann ◽  
Carl H. W. Jonsson ◽  
Colin Palmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Skeletal Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

Allométrie de la masse du squelette chez des amphibiens anoures

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Leclair Jr. ◽  
Chantale Lamontagne ◽  
Antoine Aubin
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Skeletal Mass ◽  
Life Mode ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The One

To verify the functional hypotheses that link, in vertebrates, the skeletal mass (Ms) to the total body mass (Mt), the skeletons of 75 adult specimens of anuran amphibians (Mt = 5–400 g) belonging to 7 species, aquatic, semiaquatic, or terrestrial (5 Rana, Bufo americanus, and Xenopus laevis), have been extracted by enzymatic maceration, and air-dried. Covariance analyses show significant differences in position, but not in slope, between the anuran species in the specific allometric relationships [Formula: see text]. A Spearman rank test indicated a highly significant relationship between the regression-line position and the level of species infeodation to the aquatic habitat. The relationship is more evident for the Ranids. The relative mass of the skeleton in terrestrial species (e.g., R. sylvatica: 4.4%) can be twice that of aquatic species (e.g., R. septentrionalis: 2.3%). For the 75 anuran specimens, the calculated allometric equation, [Formula: see text], is very close to the one already established for teleost fish. When R. septentrionalis is excluded, the allometric coefficient becomes significantly inferior to unity (b = 0.928). It is concluded that the relative mass of the skeleton is linked with individual and species body size but that the life mode has a preponderant influence. A model that takes into account intra- and inter-specific variations in body mass is developed to predict the skeletal mass of an anuran.

scholarly journals Physiomorphic Transformation in Extreme Endurance Migrants: Revisiting the Case of Bar-Tailed Godwits Preparing for Trans-Pacific Flights

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theunis Piersma ◽  
Robert E. Gill ◽  
Daniel R. Ruthrauff
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Time Window ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Digestive Organs ◽  
Short Time Window ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Body

In a 1998 paper entitled “Guts don’t fly: small digestive organs in obese bar-tailed godwits,” Piersma and Gill (1998) showed that the digestive organs were tiny and the fat loads huge in individuals suspected of embarking on a non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand. It was suggested that prior to migratory departure, these godwits would shrink the digestive organs used during fuel deposition and boost the size and capacity of exercise organs to optimize flight performance. Here we document the verity of the proposed physiomorphic changes by comparing organ sizes and body composition of bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica baueri collected in modesty midway during their fueling period (mid-September; fueling, n = 7) with the previously published data for godwits that had just departed on their trans-Pacific flight (October 19; flying, n = 9). Mean total body masses for the two groups were nearly identical, but nearly half of the body mass of fueling godwits consisted of water, while fat constituted over half of total body mass of flying godwits. The two groups also differed in their fat-free mass components. The heart and flight muscles were heavier in fueling godwits, but these body components constituted a relatively greater fraction of the fat-free mass in flying godwits. In contrast, organs related to digestion and homeostasis were heavier in fueling godwits, and most of these organ groups were also relatively larger in fueling godwits compared to flying godwits. These results reflect the functional importance of organ and muscle groups related to energy acquisition in fueling godwits and the consequences of flight-related exertion in flying godwits. The extreme physiomorphic changes apparently occurred over a short time window (≤1 month). We conclude that the inferences made on the basis of the 1998 paper were correct. The cues and stimuli which moderate these changes remain to be studied.

A REVIEW OF TWAK SHARIR W. S. R. TO PADADARI

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Yende ◽  
Jayashree S Gohane ◽  
Thosar Sheetal Laxman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
External Surface ◽  
External Auditory Meatus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lateral Aspect ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Soil And Water

Padadari is one of the commonest & most negligible disease. It is observed that people are least bothered about their feet though feet bear the whole body weight. In India 80% of population live in rural area. Most of them work in farms in wet soil and water also. So incidence of cracking the skin of the foot is very common. For management of Padadari knowledge of skin is very important. The skin covers the entire external surface of the body, including the external auditory meatus, the lateral aspect of tympanic membrane and vestibule of the nose. Skin forms about 8% of the total body mass. It is one of the largest organs of the body in surface area and weight. In adult, the skin covers an area about 2 square meters and weighs 4.5-5 kg. Its thickness is 0.5-4mm, depending on location, maturation and ageing. All of Acharyas explain briefly about Twak Sharir , in this research article we try to focus on Twak Sharir. Key Words-  Padadari, Twaka, crack heel,

scholarly journals Melanocortin antagonism ameliorates muscle wasting and inflammation in chronic kidney disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (9) ◽  
pp. F1315-F1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai W. Cheung ◽  
Robert H. Mak
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Body Composition Change ◽  
Total Body

Aberrant melanocortin signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of wasting in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Previously, we demonstrated that agouti-related peptide (AgRP), a melenocortin-4 receptor antagonist, reduced CKD-associated cachexia in CKD mice. Our previous studies with AgRP utilized dual energy X-ray (DXA) densitometry to assess the body composition in mice (Cheung W, Kuo HJ, Markison S, Chen C, Foster AC, Marks DL, Mak RH. J Am Soc Nephrol 18: 2517–2524, 2007; Cheung W, Yu PX, Little BM, Cone RD, Marks DL, Mak RH. J Clin Invest 115: 1659–1665, 2005). DXA is unable to differentiate water content in mice, and fluid retention in CKD may lead to an overestimate of lean mass. In this study, we employed quantitative magnetic resonance technique to evaluate body composition change following central administration of AgRP in a CKD mouse model. AgRP treatment improved energy expenditure, total body mass, fat mass, and lean body mass in CKD mouse. We also investigated the effect of CKD-associated cachexia on the signaling pathways leading to wasting in skeletal muscle, as well as whether these changes can be ameliorated by central administration of AgRP. AgRP treatment caused an overall decrease in proinflammatory cytokines, which may be one important mechanism of its effects. Muscle wasting in CKD may be due to the activation of proteolytic pathways as well as inhibition of myogenesis and muscle regeneration processes. Our results suggest that these aberrant pathological pathways leading to muscle wasting in CKD mice were ameliorated by central administration of AgRP.

Neonatal growth and organ allometry of Northwest Atlantic harp seals (Phoca groenlandica)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2793-2799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kit M. Kovacs ◽  
D. M. Lavigne
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Phoca Groenlandica ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Spleen Mass

Growth and organ allometry of neonatal harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) were monitored during the first 6 weeks of life from 1982 to 1984. At birth, pup mass was 9.9 ± 1.7 (1 SD) kg. After their 1st day of relatively slow growth, pups gained mass rapidly, increasing 2 kg/day throughout the remainder of the ~12-day nursing period. Two-thirds of this mass gain was accumulated as a layer of subcutaneous blubber. Pups lost mass at a rate of ~0.5 kg/day during the postweaning fast, utilizing energy stores from the viscera, muscles, and limited amounts of blubber. In neonates, liver mass fluctuated in conjunction with total body mass gain and loss. The liver of adult harp seals was large relative to terrestrial mammals of similar size, but relatively small compared with other pinnipeds. The heart of harp seals grew slowly in pups and did not lose mass during fasting, and in adults it was of similar size relative to other mammals. The spleen of neonates was large and grew quickly during nursing. Spleen mass was quite variable among postweaning animals. As would be expected for a large-sized, precocially born, relatively advanced mammalian neonate, pups are born with large brains that grow very slowly. Adult brain mass, in relation to body mass, was similar to that of other mammals.

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