Accounting Start-up Time of Parallel Processes in Amdahl’s Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny Eremin
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Processing ◽  
Simple Formula ◽  
Conventional Form ◽  
Parallel Processes ◽  
Amdahl’S Law ◽  
Parallel Performance ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Optimistic Picture

The conventional form of Amdahl’s law states that speedup of calculations in a multiprocessor machine is limited by the definite constant value just due to the existence of some non-parallelizable part in any algorithm. This brief paper considers one more general reason, which prevents a growth of parallel performance: processes that implement distributed task cannot start simultaneously and hence every process adds some start-up time, also reducing by that the gain from a parallel processing. The simple formula, proposed here to extend Amdahl’s law, leads to a less optimistic picture in comparison with classical results: for large amount of processor units the modified law does not approach to constant but vanishes. This is the result of competition between two factors: decreasing of calculation duty and increasing of start-up time when a number of parallel processes grows. The effect may be subdued by means of specific regularity in launching parallel processes.

Parallel processing of the target language during source language comprehension in interpreting

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 682-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
YANPING DONG ◽  
JIEXUAN LIN
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Student ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Link Strength

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the parallel processing of the target language (TL) during source language (SL) comprehension in interpreting may be influenced by two factors: (i) link strength from SL to TL, and (ii) the interpreter's cognitive resources supplement to TL processing during SL comprehension. The influence of the first factor was supported by the contrasting performance on bidirectional SL and TL interpreting tasks by unbalanced bilingual student interpreters, and the second factor was supported by the contrasting performance between participants’ two developmental stages in interpreting. Implications are discussed.

scholarly journals On parallel processing systems: Amdahl's law generalized and some results on optimal design

1992 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 434-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kleinrock ◽  
J.-H. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Processing ◽  
Optimal Design ◽  
Amdahl’S Law

scholarly journals Small business owner-managers’ perceptions of entrepreneurship in the emfuleni district

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan P Van der Merwe ◽  
G De Swardt
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
High Price ◽  
Business Owner ◽  
Small Business Owner ◽  
Oblique Rotation ◽  
Business Educators ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Government

The primary objective of this study was to analyse small business owner-managers’ perceptions of entrepreneurship and their motives to start their businesses in the Emfuleni district in South Africa. A total of 307 useable questionnaires were gathered and utilised for the statistical analysis. There were three statements that small business owner-managers perceived to be most applicable to them, i.e. entrepreneurs work longer hours and harder than managers in large companies; money is the most important start-up ingredient; and entrepreneurs experience a great deal of stress and as a consequence pay a high price of their health. With regard to the entrepreneurial motives, an Oblimin oblique rotation was performed on the principal components of the exploratory factor analysis. Two factors with eigenvalues greater than one were extracted describing the theoretical dimensions of the entrepreneurial motive and the non-entrepreneurial motive. The owner-managers indicated that the entrepreneurial motives, to have more satisfaction in work, to be independent, and to use own creative skills, were the most important motives for them venturing into entrepreneurship. No practically significant relationship could be found between the extracted factor, the entrepreneurial motive, and the demographical variables in this study. Practical recommendations are offered to entrepreneurs, the government and business educators.

I Know It Is Not Real (And That Matters) Media Awareness vs. Presence in a Parallel Processing Account of the VR Experience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilo Hartmann ◽  
Matthias Hofer
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Processing ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Joint Effects ◽  
Parallel Processes ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Psychological View

Inspired by the widely recognized idea that in VR, not only presence but also encountered plausibility is relevant (Slater, 2009), we propose a general psychological parallel processing account to explain users' VR and XR experience. The model adopts a broad psychological view by building on interdisciplinary literature on the dualistic nature of perceiving and experiencing (mediated) representations. It proposes that perceptual sensations like presence are paralleled by users' media awareness or their belief that "this is not really happening." We review the developmental underpinnings of media awareness, and argue that it is triggered in users’ voluntarily exposure to VR, as well as by encountered sensory and semantic (in)consistencies. Our account sketches media awareness and presence as two parallel processes that together define a situation as a media exposure situation. We discuss how both might mutually influence each other. We also review potential joint effects on subsequent psychological responses that characterize the user experience. We conclude the article with a programmatic outlook on testable assumptions and open questions for future research.

Editorial Special Issue on parallel processing in GIS

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Healey
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Processing ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Editorial Special Issue

Slow Down You’re Moving Too Fast

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Lang ◽  
Nancy Schwartz ◽  
Sharon Mayell
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Media Messages ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference

The study reported here compared how younger and older adults processed the same set of media messages which were selected to vary on two factors, arousing content and valence. Results showed that older and younger adults had similar arousal responses but different patterns of attention and memory. Older adults paid more attention to all messages than did younger adults. However, this attention did not translate into greater memory. Older and younger adults had similar levels of memory for slow-paced messages, but younger adults outperformed older adults significantly as pacing increased, and the difference was larger for arousing compared with calm messages. The differences found are in line with predictions made based on the cognitive-aging literature.

Effects of an Anxiety-Specific Psychometric Factor on Fear Conditioning and Fear Generalization

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Baumann ◽  
Miriam A. Schiele ◽  
Martin J. Herrmann ◽  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Peter Zwanzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Fear Generalization

Abstract. Conditioning and generalization of fear are assumed to play central roles in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Here we investigate the influence of a psychometric anxiety-specific factor on these two processes, thus try to identify a potential risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. To this end, 126 healthy participants were examined with questionnaires assessing symptoms of anxiety and depression and with a fear conditioning and generalization paradigm. A principal component analysis of the questionnaire data identified two factors representing the constructs anxiety and depression. Variations in fear conditioning and fear generalization were solely associated with the anxiety factor characterized by anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobic cognitions; high-anxious individuals exhibited stronger fear responses (arousal) during conditioning and stronger generalization effects for valence and UCS-expectancy ratings. Thus, the revealed psychometric factor “anxiety” was associated with enhanced fear generalization, an assumed risk factor for anxiety disorders. These results ask for replication with a longitudinal design allowing to examine their predictive validity.

Temporal ventriloquism effect in European starlings: Evidence for two parallel processing pathways.

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gesa Feenders ◽  
Yoko Kato ◽  
Katharina M. Borzeszkowski ◽  
Georg M. Klump
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Processing ◽  
European Starlings ◽  
Temporal Ventriloquism ◽  
Processing Pathways

Patients' rights: Ready to start up again.

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Foxhall
Keyword(s):  
Patients Rights ◽  
Start Up

Start-Up Funds Needed

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Start Up
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