Fermat’s principle and the effect of jerk on light motion near the Sun

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi ◽  
Waranont Anukool
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Classical Mechanics ◽  
Time Parameter ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Deflection Of Light ◽  
Long Baseline ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
Vlbi Observations ◽  
First Time

In classical mechanics, in the case of gravitational and electromagnetic interactions, the force on a particle is usually proportional to its acceleration: The force acts locally on the particle. However, there are situations possible-if the particle moves through a suitable medium, for example, in which the force depends also on the first-time derivative of its acceleration, the jerk, and on its second-time derivative, the snap, and possibly also on higher-time derivatives. Such forces are called nonlocal, and this work investigates such nonlocal forces, mainly those depending on the jerk. In particular, we implement jerk and acceleration in geodesics by means of the nonlocal-in-time kinetic energy approach to spacetime physics. We describe a framework that can be used to estimate the quantum nonlocal time parameter by studying the deflection of light around the Sun. Comparing our results with long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations, we concluded that the nonlocal time parameter [Formula: see text] s.

scholarly journals VLBI Observations of Turbulence in the Inner Solar Wind

1996 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Steven R. Spangler
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Long Baseline ◽  
Vlbi Observations ◽  
Outer Corona ◽  
Very Long Baseline Array ◽  
Made In

AbstractI discuss the use of Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) phase scintillations to probe the conditions of plasma turbulence in the solar wind. Specific results from 5.0 and 8.4 GHz observations with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) are shown. There are several advantages of phase scintillation measurements. They are sensitive to fluctuations on scales of hundreds to thousands of kilometers, much larger than those probed by IPS intensity scintillations. In addition, with the frequency versatility of the VLBA one can measure turbulence from the outer corona ~ 5 –10 R⊙ to well past the perihelion approach of the Helios spacecraft. This permits tests of the consistency of radio propagation and direct in-situ measurements of turbulence. Such a comparison is made in the present paper. Special attention is dedicated to measuring the dependence of the normalization coefficient of the density power spectrum, on distance from the sun. Our results are consistent with the contention published several years ago by Aaron Roberts, that there is insufficient turbulence close to the sun to account for the heating and acceleration of the solar wind. In addition, an accurate determination of the relationship could aid the detection of transients in the solar wind.

scholarly journals The Modified Fundamental Equations of Quantum Mechanics in Symmetric Forms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huai-Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Dinger Equation ◽  
Calculated Density ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Klein Gordon ◽  
Fundamental Equations ◽  
First Time

Up to now, Schrödinger equation, Klein-Gordon equation (KGE) and Dirac equation are believed the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics. Schrödinger equation has a defect that there is no NKE solutions. Dirac equation has positive kinetic energy (PKE) and negative kinetic energy (NKE) branches. Both branches should have low momentum, or nonrelativistic, approximations: one is Schrödinger equation and the other is NKE Schrödinger equation. KGE has two problems: it is an equation of second time derivative, and calculated density is not definitely positive. To overcome the problems, it should be revised as PKE and NKE decoupled KGEs. The fundamental equations of quantum mechanics after the modification have at least two merits. They are of unitary in that everyone contains the first time derivative and are symmetric with respect to PKE and NKE. This reflects the symmetry of the PKE and NKE matters, as well as matter and dark matter, of our universe. The problems of one-dimensional step potentials are resolved by means of the modified fundamental equations for a nonrelativistic particle.

Fusion in the Sun

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Dense Plasma ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Proton Proton ◽  
Atomic Nuclei ◽  
Proton Fusion ◽  
Schrödinger's Equation ◽  
Simplified Formula

Protons in the Sun’s core are a dense plasma allowing fusion events where two protons initially join to produce a deuteron. Eventually this leads to alpha particles, the mass-four nucleus of helium, releasing kinetic energy. Schrodinger’s equation allows particles to penetrate classically forbidden Coulomb barriers with small but important probabilities. The approximation known as Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) is used by Gamow to predict the rate of proton–proton fusion in the Sun, shown to be in agreement with measurements. A simplified formula is given for the power density due to fusion in the plasma constituting the Sun’s core. The properties of atomic nuclei are briefly summarized.

Masers as probes of the gas dynamics close to forming high-mass stars

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (S336) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Moscadelli ◽  
Alberto Sanna ◽  
Ciriaco Goddi
Keyword(s):  
Gas Dynamics ◽  
Very Long Baseline Interferometry ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Powerful Technique ◽  
Long Baseline ◽  
Vlbi Observations ◽  
Massive Forming ◽  
Typical Distances ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Better Than

AbstractImaging the inner few 1000 AU around massive forming stars, at typical distances of several kpc, requires angular resolutions of better than 0″.1. Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations of interstellar molecular masers probe scales as small as a few AU, whereas (new-generation) centimeter and millimeter interferometers allow us to map scales of the order of a few 100 AU. Combining these informations all together, it presently provides the most powerful technique to trace the complex gas motions in the proto-stellar environment. In this work, we review a few compelling examples of this technique and summarize our findings.

scholarly journals Gamma Astrometric Measurement Experiment: testing General Relativity with a small mission

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (S248) ◽  
pp. 290-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vecchiato ◽  
M. G. Lattanzi ◽  
M. Gai ◽  
R. Morbidelli
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Galactic Center ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Measurement Experiment ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Bending Of Light

AbstractGAME (Gamma Astrometric Measurement Experiment) is a concept for an experiment whose goal is to measure from space the γ parameter of the Parameterized Post-Newtonian formalism, by means of a satellite orbiting at 1 AU from the Sun and looking as close as possible to its limb. This technique resembles the one used during the solar eclipse of 1919, when Dyson, Eddington and collaborators measured for the first time the gravitational bending of light. Simple estimations suggest that, possibly within the budget of a small mission, one could reach the 10−6level of accuracy with ~106observations of relatively bright stars at about 2° apart from the Sun. Further simulations show that this result could be reached with only 20 days of measurements on stars ofV≤ 17 uniformly distributed. A quick look at real star densities suggests that this result could be greatly improved by observing particularly crowded regions near the galactic center.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Residuals between Theoretical Nutations and VLBI Observations

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 124-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dehant ◽  
M. Feissel ◽  
O. de Viron ◽  
M. Yseboodt ◽  
Ch. Bizouard
Keyword(s):  
Very Long Baseline Interferometry ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Long Baseline ◽  
Vlbi Observations ◽  
Vlbi Data ◽  
Theoretical Developments

The recent theoretical developments have provided accurate series of nutations, which are close to the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) data. At the milliarcsecond (mas) level, three series are available: MHB2000 (Mathews et al. 2000), FG2000 (Getino and Ferrándiz 2000), and SF2000 (Shirai and Fukushima 2000a,b) (see Dehant 2000, and in this volume, for more information and for a short description of these models).In the first part of our work we have compared these models with the (VLBI) observations (Ma et al. 2000) by computing rms of the residuals for several time intervals of measurements. We have concluded that these series have comparable precision.

Post-post-Newtonian deflection of light by the Sun

1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2947-2949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Epstein ◽  
Irwin I. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Deflection Of Light

Cosmic Deer as an Archaic Symbol in the Narratives and Rituals of the Tungus-Manchus

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Татьяна Юрьевна Сем
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Scale ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Bronze Age

Статья посвящена мифологическому образу космического оленя в традиционной культуре тунгусо-маньчжуров. В работе рассматриваются материалы фольклора, шаманства, промысловых и календарных ритуалов, а также искусства. Впервые систематизированы материалы по всем тунгусо-маньчжурским народам. Образ космического оленя в фольклоре эвенов имеет наиболее близкие аналогии с амурскими народами, которые представляют его с рогами до небес. Он сохранился в сказочном фольклоре с мифологическими и эпическими элементами. В эвенском мифе образ оленя имеет космические масштабы: из тела его происходит земля и всё живущее на ней. У народов Амура образ оленя нашел отражение в космогенезе, отделении неба от земли. Своеобразие сюжета космической охоты характеризует общесибирскую мифологию, относящуюся к ранней истории. В ней наиболее ярко проявляется мотив смены старого и нового солнца, хода времени, смены времен года, календарь тунгусо-маньчжуров. В результате анализа автор пришел к выводу, что олень в тунгусо-маньчжурской традиции моделирует пространство и время Вселенной, характеризует образ солнца и хода времени. Космический олень является архетипичным символом культуры тунгусо-маньчжуров, сохранившим свое значение до настоящего времени в художественной культуре This article is devoted to the mythological image of cosmic deer in traditional Tungus-Manchu culture. It examines materials of folklore, shamanism, trade and calendar rituals as well as art and for the first time systematizes materials from all of the Tungus-Manchu peoples. The image of cosmic deer in the folklore of the Evens has its closest analogy in that of the Amur peoples, reflected in the image of a deer with horns reaching up to the sky. This image is preserved in fairytales with mythological and epic elements. In the Even myth, the image of a deer is on a cosmic scale, as the cosmos issues from its body. Among the Amur peoples, the image of a deer is also related to cosmogenesis, to the separation of the earth from the sky. The plot of a cosmic hunt is reflected in pan-Siberian mythology, dating back to the Bronze Age. It clearly illustrates the motif of the change of the old and new sun, the passage of time, the change of seasons, the Tungus-Manchu calendar. The author comes to the conclusion that deer in the Tungus-Manchu tradition, in depicting the image of the sun and the passage of time, model the space and time of the Universe. The cosmic deer is an archetypal symbol of Tungus-Manchu culture, which has retained its significance in artistic culture to the present day.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document