scholarly journals EINSTEIN'S EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE AND THE GRAVITATIONAL RED SHIFT

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 2759-2759 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETROS S. FLORIDES
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Classical Mechanics ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Einstein's Equivalence Principle ◽  
The Relationship

Long before the general theory of relativity was finally formulated in 1916, it was claimed that the following argument, based on (the strong) Einstein's equivalence principle (EP for short), predicted the well known and experimentally observed phenomenon of the gravitational red shift; precisely the same argument is being used to this day in almost all books on general relativity to derive the same phenomenon (see, for example, Refs. 1, 2): Consider "Einstein's elevator" at rest on the Earth's surface with an emitter (E) fixed on the floor of the elevator, and a receiver (R) fixed on the ceiling directly above E and distance h from it. Let E send light signals, at frequency νE, to R and let the frequency at which they are received by R be νR. To find the relationship between νE and νR we invoke the EP and consider, instead, E and R as fixed in an elevator which is accelerating relative to an inertial frame S in gravitation-free space with constant acceleration g in the direction [Formula: see text], g being the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth's surface. At time t = 0, when E is assumed to be at rest in S, E emits a light wave towards R. The time it takes the wave to reach R is roughly t = h/c, where c is the speed of light in S. But in this time R has acquired the velocity [Formula: see text] and, therefore, there is a consequent Doppler shift given by [Formula: see text]. By the EP the same result must hold when E and R are fixed near the Earth's surface. In this case gh = △Φ = Φ(R) - Φ(E), so that in the Earth's gravitational field we have [Formula: see text], which is the standard formula for the gravitational red shift. Simple and straight forward as the above argument may seem, we shall show in this lecture that it is, in fact, fundamentally flawed in two important respects. We shall present a new argument, entirely within the framework of classical mechanics (just as the above argument), which is free from these two flaws. Alas!, it leads to zero gravitational red shift for the case dealt with in the above argument. It is argued that this result not only does it not invalidate the general theory of relativity but it strengthens it; for, the full theory of general relativity alone, irrespective of its historical development, can correctly and unambiguously predict the observed gravitational red shift.

scholarly journals ON THE SPECTRAL SHIFT AND THE TIME DELAY OF LIGHT IN A RINDLER ACCELERATED FRAME

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 699-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. FORMIGA ◽  
C. ROMERO
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Spectral Shift ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Accelerated Observers ◽  
Einstein's Equivalence Principle

We discuss two effects predicted by the general theory of relativity in the context of Rindler accelerated observers: the gravitational spectral shift and the time delay of light. We show that these effects also appear in a Rindler frame in the absence of gravitational field, in accordance with the Einstein's equivalence principle.

Einstein’s Intellectual Odyssey to General Relativity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanoch Gutfreund ◽  
Jürgen Renn
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Special Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Theory Of Gravitation ◽  
To Come

This section discusses the development of Albert Einstein's ideas and attitudes as he struggled for eight years to come up with a general theory of relativity that would meet the physical and mathematical requirements laid down at the outset. It first considers Einstein's work on gravitation in Prague before analyzing three documents that played a significant role in his search for a theory of general relativity: the Zurich Notebook, the Einstein–Grossmann Entwurf paper, and the Einstein–Besso manuscript. It then looks at Einstein's completion of his general theory of relativity in Berlin in November 1915, along with his development of a new theory of gravitation within the framework of the special theory of relativity. It also examines the formulation of the basic idea that Einstein termed the “equivalence principle,” his Entwurf theory vs. David Hilbert's theory, and the 1916 manuscript of Einstein's work on the general theory of relativity.

Albert Einstein’s Epistemic Virtues and Vices

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-195
Author(s):  
Vladimir P. Vizgin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Mathematical Aspect ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Special Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Epistemic Virtues ◽  
The Universe

The article is based on the concepts of epistemic virtues and epistemic vices and explores A. Einstein’s contribution to the creation of fundamental physical theories, namely the special theory of relativity and general theory of relativity, as well as to the development of a unified field theory on the basis of the geometric field program, which never led to success. Among the main epistemic virtues that led Einstein to success in the construction of the special theory of relativity are the following: a unique physical intuition based on the method of thought experiment and the need for an experimental justification of space-time concepts; striving for simplicity and elegance of theory; scientific courage, rebelliousness, signifying the readiness to engage in confrontation with scientific conventional dogmas and authorities. In the creation of general theory of relativity, another intellectual virtue was added to these virtues: the belief in the heuristic power of the mathematical aspect of physics. At the same time, he had to overcome his initial underestimation of the H. Minkowski’s four-dimensional concept of space and time, which has manifested in a distinctive flexibility of thinking typical for Einstein in his early years. The creative role of Einstein’s mistakes on the way to general relativity was emphasized. These mistakes were mostly related to the difficulties of harmonizing the mathematical and physical aspects of theory, less so to epistemic vices. The ambivalence of the concept of epistemic virtues, which can be transformed into epistemic vices, is noted. This transformation happened in the second half of Einstein’s life, when he for more than thirty years unsuccessfully tried to build a unified geometric field theory and to find an alternative to quantum mechanics with their probabilistic and Copenhagen interpretation In this case, we can talk about the following epistemic vices: the revaluation of mathematical aspect and underestimation of experimentally – empirical aspect of the theory; adopting the concepts general relativity is based on (continualism, classical causality, geometric nature of fundamental interactions) as fundamental; unprecedented persistence in defending the GFP (geometrical field program), despite its failures, and a certain loss of the flexibility of thinking. A cosmological history that is associated both with the application of GTR (general theory of relativity) to the structure of the Universe, and with the missed possibility of discovering the theory of the expanding Universe is intermediate in relation to Einstein’s epistemic virtues and vices. This opportunity was realized by A.A. Friedmann, who defeated Einstein in the dispute about if the Universe was stationary or nonstationary. In this dispute some of Einstein’s vices were revealed, which Friedman did not have. The connection between epistemic virtues and the methodological principles of physics and also with the “fallibilist” concept of scientific knowledge development has been noted.

The mechanics of general relativity

1959 ◽  
Vol 251 (1264) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Stress Singularity ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity

It is shown how to obtain, within the general theory of relativity, equations of motion for two oscillating masses at the ends of a spring of given law of force. The method of Einstein, Infeld & Hoffmann is used, and the force in the spring is represented by a stress singularity. The detailed calculations are taken to the Newtonian order.

scholarly journals Fine Structure Constant derived from Principle Theory.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Geilhaupt
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Principle Theory

Abstract Derivation of mass (m), charge (e) and fine structure constant (FSC) from theory are unsolved problems in physics up to now. Neither the Standard Model (SM) nor the General theory of Relativity (GR) has provided a complete explanation for mass, charge and FSC. The question “of what is rest mass” is therefore still essentially unanswered. We will show that the combination of two Principle Theories, General Relativity and Thermodynamics (TD), is able to derive the restmass of an electron (m) which surprisingly depends on the (Sommerfeld) FSC (same for the charge (e)).

scholarly journals Wormhole modeling in R2 gravity with linear trace term

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (08) ◽  
pp. 2050045
Author(s):  
Nisha Godani ◽  
Gauranga C. Samanta
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Shape Function ◽  
Exotic Matter ◽  
Geometric Configuration ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Traversable Wormholes

Morris and Thorne1 proposed traversable wormholes, hypothetical connecting tools, using the concept of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. In this paper, the modification of general relativity (in particular [Formula: see text] theory of gravity defined by Harko et al.2) is considered, to study the traversable wormhole solutions. The function [Formula: see text] is considered as [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are controlling parameters. The shape and redshift functions appearing in the metric of wormhole structure have significant contribution in the development of wormhole solutions. We have considered both variable and constant redshift functions with a logarithmic shape function. The energy conditions are examined, geometric configuration is analyzed and the radius of the throat is determined in order to have wormhole solutions in absence of exotic matter.

scholarly journals Relativistic redshift of the star S0-2 orbiting the Galactic Center supermassive black hole

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 365 (6454) ◽  
pp. 664-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuan Do ◽  
Aurelien Hees ◽  
Andrea Ghez ◽  
Gregory D. Martinez ◽  
Devin S. Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Galactic Center ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Gravitational Redshift ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Supermassive Black Hole ◽  
Newtonian Model

The general theory of relativity predicts that a star passing close to a supermassive black hole should exhibit a relativistic redshift. In this study, we used observations of the Galactic Center star S0-2 to test this prediction. We combined existing spectroscopic and astrometric measurements from 1995–2017, which cover S0-2’s 16-year orbit, with measurements from March to September 2018, which cover three events during S0-2’s closest approach to the black hole. We detected a combination of special relativistic and gravitational redshift, quantified using the redshift parameter ϒ. Our result, ϒ = 0.88 ± 0.17, is consistent with general relativity (ϒ = 1) and excludes a Newtonian model (ϒ = 0) with a statistical significance of 5σ.

A NEW EXTENSION OF GENERAL RELATIVISTIC THEORY

1994 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 393-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASATOSHI YAZAKI
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Relativistic Theory ◽  
Maxwell's Equations ◽  
Geometrical Structure ◽  
Finsler Geometry ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Relativistic ◽  
Einstein’S General Relativity

The possibility of a new extension of the general relativistc theory will be considered using Finsler geometry. The extension of Einstein’s general relativity can be expected to regard gravitational, electroweak, and strong interactive fields as geometrical structure of a spacetime based on Finsler geometry. Indeed, it will be shown that this theory can include the general theory of relativity under a certain special condition. In addition, Maxwell’s equations will be expressed using new metric representations of the electromagnetic vector and its tensor. Moreover, it will be suggested that this theory may include metric representations of weak and strong interactive fields.

scholarly journals GENERAL RELATIVITY AND WEYL FRAMES

2011 ◽  
Vol 03 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
C. ROMERO ◽  
J. B. FONSECA-NETO ◽  
M. L. PUCHEU
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Riemannian Geometry ◽  
Vacuum Solution ◽  
Gravitational Theory ◽  
Mathematical Formalism ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Weyl Geometry ◽  
Starting Point

We present the general theory of relativity in the language of a non-Riemannian geometry, namely, Weyl geometry. We show that the new mathematical formalism may lead to different pictures of the same gravitational phenomena, by making use of the concept of Weyl frames. We show that, in this formalism, it is possible to construct a scalar-tensor gravitational theory that is invariant with respect to the so-called Weyl tranformations and reduces to general relativity in a particular frame, the Riemann frame. In this approach the Weyl geometry plays a fundamental role since it appears as the natural geometrical setting of the theory when viewed in an arbitrary frame. Our starting point is to build an action that is manifestly invariant with respect to Weyl transformations. When this action is expressed in more familiar terms of Riemannian geometry we find that the theory has some similarities with Brans-Dicke theory of gravity. We illustrate this point with an example in which a known Brans-Dicke vacuum solution may appear when reinterpreted in a particular Weyl frame.

The Lens of Gravity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Nolte
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
History Of Physics ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
History Of

This chapter describes how gravity provided the backdrop for one of the most important paradigm shifts in the history of physics. Prior to Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity, trajectories were paths described by geometry. After the theory of general relativity, trajectories are paths caused by geometry. This chapter explains how Einstein arrived at his theory of gravity, relying on the space-time geometry of Hermann Minkowski, whose work he had originally harshly criticized. The confirmation of Einstein’s theory was one of the dramatic high points in twentieth-century history of physics when Arthur Eddington journeyed to an island off the coast of Africa to observe stellar deflections during a solar eclipse. If Galileo was the first rock star of physics, then Einstein was the first worldwide rock star of science.

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