scholarly journals Generalized Maxwell equations and charge conservation censorship

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (06) ◽  
pp. 1750052 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Modanese
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Stationary Solutions ◽  
Lagrangian Formalism ◽  
Maxwell Theory ◽  
Charge Conservation ◽  
Additional Degree ◽  
Secondary Current ◽  
Quantum Tunnelling ◽  
Physical Consequences ◽  
A Charge

The Aharonov–Bohm electrodynamics is a generalization of Maxwell theory with reduced gauge invariance. It allows to couple the electromagnetic field to a charge which is not locally conserved, and has an additional degree of freedom, the scalar field [Formula: see text], usually interpreted as a longitudinal wave component. By reformulating the theory in a compact Lagrangian formalism, we are able to eliminate S explicitly from the dynamics and we obtain generalized Maxwell equation with interesting properties: they give [Formula: see text] as the (conserved) sum of the (possibly non-conserved) physical current density [Formula: see text], and a “secondary” current density [Formula: see text] which is a nonlocal function of [Formula: see text]. This implies that any non-conservation of [Formula: see text] is effectively “censored” by the observable field [Formula: see text], and yet it may have real physical consequences. We give examples of stationary solutions which display these properties. Possible applications are to systems where local charge conservation is violated due to anomalies of the Adler–Bell–Jackiw (ABJ) kind or to macroscopic quantum tunnelling with currents which do not satisfy a local continuity equation.

LAGRANGIAN AND SYMMETRY STRUCTURE OF THE DIVERGENCE CLEANING MODEL BASED ON GENERALIZED LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 59-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. LEE ◽  
C.-D. MUNZ ◽  
R. SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Conservation Law ◽  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Lagrangian Formalism ◽  
Maxwell Theory ◽  
Charge Conservation ◽  
Computational Electrodynamics ◽  
Text Model ◽  
Symmetry Structure

A field theoretical method for the treatment of the often violated charge conservation laws in computational electrodynamics is presented. This approach explores the basic symmetry features of Maxwell theory and the analogy between the gauge field anomalies of quantum field theory and the violation of charge conservation law on the lattice, in Lorentz covariant Lagrangian formalism. A mathematical construction of the counter terms to the anomalous charge conservation law is proposed, and thereby a consistent theory for the Generalized Lagrange Multiplier [Formula: see text] method is presented, which has so far lacked a concrete theoretical framework. Based on the established theoretical framework, the [Formula: see text] method has been further extended and the question regarding whether [Formula: see text] method solves "right" equations is answered. This extended [Formula: see text] method with new insight is then applied to magnetohydrodynamics [Formula: see text] and recently proposed "shallow water" [Formula: see text]. In particular, a [Formula: see text]-based Godunov-type finite-volume solver for the "shallow water" [Formula: see text] system on the Cartesian grid has been developed, and the introduced theoretical framework for [Formula: see text] model is validated. In addition, associated new analytic features of the "shallow water" [Formula: see text] system is also presented.

scholarly journals Maxwell's Equations, Stokes' Theorem, and the Conservation of Charge

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gratus ◽  
Paul Kinsler ◽  
Martin W. McCall
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Effective Charge ◽  
Electromagnetic Theory ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Electromagnetic Excitation ◽  
Gauge Freedom ◽  
Charge Conservation ◽  
Vector Potentials ◽  
Vacuum Polarisation ◽  
A Charge

A careful examination of the fundamentals of electromagnetic theory shows that due to the underlying mathematical assumptions required for Stokes' Theorem, global charge conservation cannot be guaranteed in topologically non-trivial spacetimes. However, in order to break the charge conservation mechanism we must also allow the electromagnetic excitation fields D, H to possess a gauge freedom, just as the electromagnetic scalar and vector potentials $\varphi$ and A do. This has implications for the treatment of electromagnetism in spacetimes where black holes both form and then evaporate, as well as extending the possibilities for treating vacuum polarisation. Using this gauge freedom of D, H we also propose an alternative to the accepted notion that a charge passing through a wormhole necessarily leads to an additional (effective) charge on the wormhole's mouth.

Efficiency Enhancement of Tandem Organic Light-Emitting Devices Fabricated Utilizing an 1,4,5,8,9,11-Hexaazatriphenylene-Hexacarbonitrile Charge-Generation Layer

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 7717-7721
Author(s):  
Young Pyo Jeon ◽  
Tae Whan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Efficiency Enhancement ◽  
Charge Generation ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Light Emitting Devices ◽  
Organic Light ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Organic Light Emitting Devices ◽  
Generation Mechanisms ◽  
A Charge

The electrical and the optical properties of tandem organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) with stacked electroluminescence units were investigated to clarify the charge-generation mechanisms due to the existence of a charge-generation layer (CGL). The current density of the current limited devices with an 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN) CGL was 35% higher than that of devices with a tungsten-oxide (WO3) CGL. The maximum current density of the current limited devices with a HAT-CN CGL was as high as 259 mA/cm2. The brightness of the tandem OLEDs with a HAT-CN CGL was 15% higher than that of the tandem OLEDs with a WO3 CGL due to an increase in the current density. The charge-generation mechanisms of tandem OLEDs with a CGL were described on the basis of the experimental results.

scholarly journals A study of the nature of the field theories of the electron and positron and of the meson

1946 ◽  
Vol 185 (1000) ◽  
pp. 14-34 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Magnetic Moment ◽  
Poynting Vector ◽  
Field Theories ◽  
Meson Field ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Magnetic Current ◽  
Additional Degree ◽  
Additional Dimension ◽  
A Current

The field theories of the electron and positron and also of the meson are developed by means of a close analogy with the photon. The analogy consists in the representation of the tracks of these particles by means of null-geodesics. The choice of notation is guided by the attempt to arrive at a theory in which the lengths (h/m 0 c) and (e 2 /m 0 c 2 ) occur naturally without reference to the structure of the particles, and in which the concept of quantization of electric charge is included. It is found that these objects can be attained by assuming that an additional degree of freedom is necessary for the description of the particles. If this is regarded as an additional dimension, it is found that an exact analogy can be made with the field theories familiar in the theory of relativity. An important feature is the union, in a single tensor, of energy, momentum and current density. A certain arbitrariness, not unlike that associated with the Poynting vector, is revealed, and it is shown that if this is removed by making a definite choice of the magnitude of the magnetic moment of the electron and positron, the spin angular momefttum is ^hereby fixed at the value 1/2h. In the development of the meson field the analogy shows* that the nuclear sources of the field act as if contributing a current density analogous to a magnetic current density in the electromagnetic case. The use of the additional degreb of freedom in the sinusoidal form indicates that the ratio of the constants g 1 and g 2 introduced into field theories as measures of the strengths of the sources is determined by the mass of the particle emitted in the neutron-proton transition.

A Method to Calculate the Electric Field and Ion Current Density at Ground Level for HVDC Transmission Lines during Rain Weather

2013 ◽  
Vol 341-342 ◽  
pp. 1254-1260
Author(s):  
Zhao Zhi Long ◽  
Fei Lu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Hvdc Transmission ◽  
Hvdc Transmission Lines ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Ion Current Density

HVDC transmission lines can generate an effect on the environment nearby due to the electric field and the ion current density after the corona occurs, so the calculation of ionic flow field is significant to transmission lines design and electromagnetic analysis. However, there is no effective method to calculate the characteristic parameters of ionic flow field under rainy condition. Based on Deutschs assumption, a calculational method is proposed with considering the effects of raindrops on ionic flow field. In the method, the space-charge-free electric field distortion caused by raindrops is especially considered, and the charged raindrops are seen as a charge background of transmission lines. The field strengths and ion current densities calculated using this method are compared with the experimental results in the published literature, it shows that the method is effective and accurate enough under fair and rainy conditions.

Current density enhancement in ZnO/CdSe photoelectrochemical cells in the presence of a charge separating SnO2 nanoparticles interfacing-layer

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (36) ◽  
pp. 13065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriya A. Patil ◽  
Dipak V. Shinde ◽  
Sambhaji S. Bhande ◽  
Vijaykumar V. Jadhav ◽  
Tran N. Huan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Sno2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Photoelectrochemical Cells ◽  
Density Enhancement ◽  
A Charge

Microstructure Control of (Ba, Sr)TiO3 Films for Gigabit Dram

1997 ◽  
Vol 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Shen ◽  
D. E. Kotecki ◽  
R. J. Murphy ◽  
M. Zaitz ◽  
R. B. Laibowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Leakage Current ◽  
Leakage Current Density ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Charge Storage ◽  
Storage Density ◽  
Final Microstructure ◽  
A Charge

ABSTRACT(Ba, Sr)TiO3 films were deposited on Pt-coated SiO2/Si wafers by the MOCVD method. Experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanisms of nucleation and growth. It was observed that the diameter of the (Ba, Sr)TiO3 grains is established in the early stages of nucleation and does not increase substantially during the growth of the film. By controlling the process conditions, it is possible to control the final microstructure and improve the electrical properties of (Ba, Sr)TiO3 films. I-V and C-V measurements show that (Ba, Sr)TiO3 films with a thickness of approximately 15nm can produce a charge storage density of >120 fF/μm2 with a leakage current density of < 10 nA/cm2 at IV, making them suitable for Gigabit-scale DRAM applications.

MnO2 nanowires-decorated carbon fiber cloth as electrodes for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congcong Hong ◽  
Xing Wang ◽  
Houlin Yu ◽  
Huaping Wu ◽  
Jianshan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Specific Capacitance ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Discharge Current ◽  
High Specific Capacitance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Discharge Current Density ◽  
Carbon Fiber Cloth ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Charge Discharge

Manganese dioxide nanowires (MnO2 NWs) anchored on carbon fiber cloth (CFC) were fabricated through a simple hydrothermal reaction and used as integrated electrodes for supercapacitor. The morphology-dependent electrochemical performance of MnO2 NWs was confirmed, yielding good capacitance performance with a high specific capacitance of 3.88[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] at a charge–discharge current density of 5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] and excellent stability of 91.5% capacitance retention after 3000 cycles. Moreover, the composite electrodes were used to fabricate supercapacitors, which showed a high specific capacitance of 194[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] at a charge–discharge current density of 2[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] and high energy density of 0.108[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] at power density of 2[Formula: see text][Formula: see text], foreboding its potential application for high-performance supercapacitor.

scholarly journals Maxwell's Equations, Stokes' Theorem, and the Conservation of Charge

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gratus ◽  
Paul Kinsler ◽  
Martin W. McCall
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Effective Charge ◽  
Electromagnetic Theory ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Electromagnetic Excitation ◽  
Gauge Freedom ◽  
Charge Conservation ◽  
Vector Potentials ◽  
Vacuum Polarisation ◽  
A Charge

A careful examination of the fundamentals of electromagnetic theory shows that due to the underlying mathematical assumptions required for Stokes' Theorem, charge conservation cannot be guaranteed in topologically non-trivial spacetimes. However, in order to break the charge conservation mechanism we must also allow the electromagnetic excitation fields DH to possess a gauge freedom, just as the electromagnetic scalar and vector potentials $\varphi$ and $\emVec{A}$ do. This has implications for the treatment of electromagnetism in spacetimes where black holes both form and then evaporate, as well as extending the possibilities for treating vacuum polarisation. Using this gauge freedom of DH we also propose an alternative to the accepted notion that a charge passing through a wormhole necessarily leads to an additional (effective) charge on the wormhole's mouth.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document