scholarly journals FORMAL RELATION AMONG VARIOUS HERMITIAN AND NON-HERMITIAN EFFECTIVE INTERACTIONS

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
RYOJI OKAMOTO ◽  
SHINICHIRO FUJII ◽  
KENJI SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Model Space ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Effective Interactions ◽  
Formal Relation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Effective Hamiltonians

A general definition of the model-space effective interaction is given. The energy-independent effective Hamiltonians derived in a time-independent way are classified systematically.

Economic Mechanism for Managing the Communication Business Process of Industrial Enterprises in the Context of Globalization

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Konstyantyn Yu. Zavrazhnyi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Mechanism ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Definition Of

The paper provides a definition of the economic mechanism for managing the communication business processes of industrial enterprises in the context of globalization as a set of a system of relations, authorities, forms and methods of organization and operation, which are regulated by legal and other norms of activity and provide effective interaction in internal and external environments. This allows to deepen the understanding of the essence in the context of globalization under the orientation towards communication (we mean interaction first of all). The composition of the comprehensive economic mechanism for managing the communication business processes of industrial enterprises is studied. This mechanism includes organizational, economic, legal, political, technical and technological, market, production, social, motivational, adaptive and communication submechanisms. This allows further formalization of the process of elemental improvement of the communication business processes of industrial enterprises. The components of mechanism are detailed. In particular, the economic submechanisms include the mechanisms of profits distribution, economic stimulus, financial, equity, investment and reinvestment in development and other mechanisms. The legal submechanisms include the mechanisms, which govern communication and professional legal relations. Organizational submechanisms include structural mechanisms, administrative and information mechanisms that ensure the development and modernization of communication activities at the enterprise, its information security. Political submechanisms include mechanisms of information policy, social and economic policy and foreign economic policy. Market submechanisms include the ones of market competition, demand and supply, etc. Social submechanisms include the ones of transparency of doing business, social responsibility, social and psychological impact, etc. Production submechanisms include the following ones: resource, implementation of new types of software and hardware and other. Technical and technological submechanisms include the ones of scientific and technological progress, technological updates. Motivational submechanisms include the mechanisms of material and non-material incentives of personnel. Adaptive submechanisms are the submechanisms of innovative development (including implementation of innovations in information field), managing the personnel potential, etc. Communication submechanisms include the ones of information-and-analytical activities (including research conducting); external communications (including the system of integrated communications tools, modern telecommunications and communications facilities); internal communications (including creating corporate culture). Key words: economic mechanism, submechanisms, management, communications, business processes, industrial enterprise.

scholarly journals A remark on local fractional calculus and ordinary derivatives

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1122-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Almeida ◽  
Małgorzata Guzowska ◽  
Tatiana Odzijewicz
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Calculus ◽  
Fractional Derivative ◽  
Short Note ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Local Fractional Derivative ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Local Fractional Calculus ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractIn this short note we present a new general definition of local fractional derivative, that depends on an unknown kernel. For some appropriate choices of the kernel we obtain some known cases. We establish a relation between this new concept and ordinary differentiation. Using such formula, most of the fundamental properties of the fractional derivative can be derived directly.

scholarly journals AB0677 REVISING THE DEFINITION OF REACTIVE ARTHRITIS AND DIFFERENTIATION FROM UNDIFFERENTIATED SPONDYLOARTHRITIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1633.2-1634
Author(s):  
F. Cosan ◽  
O. M. Gedar
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Reactive Arthritis ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Classification Criteria ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Undifferentiated Spondyloarthritis ◽  
Classical Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Background:Reactive arthritis (ReA) is defined by 1999 ACR criteria as arthritis preceding a bacterial genitourinary (GUS) or gastrointestinal (GIS) infection in 3 days-6 weeks and evidence of triggering infection. Recently, ReA is classified as SpA and patients who do not fulfill SpA criteria are classified as undifferentiated spondyloarthritis (USpA) according to ASAS/EULAR SpA classification criteria.Objectives:In several case reports which are associated with other infective agents are reported and the definition is extended for some clinicians so that SpA which is occurred after any infection is called as ReA. On the other hand, some researchers still accept the classical definition of ReA. The problem with the heterogeneity of opinions and unstandardized definition of ReA hinders studies about pathogenesis and standardization of treatments. In this study, we aimed to determine the spectrum of the use of the definition of reactive arthritis in publications in PubMed between 2009-2019.Methods:The ReA keyword is searched in PubMed for the years between 2009-2019. 248 different publications have been identified and included in this research. 89 articles, 47 reviews, 108 case reports, 2 guidelines, and 2 editorials reviewed for the definition of ReA.Results:Only 42.7% (106 patients) of these publications meet the classical definition which suggests ReA after only GIS and GUS infections. In 4 (1.6%) of the publications ReA was defined after GIS, GUS and oropharyngeal infections; in 3 (1,2%) of the publications after any bacterial infection; in 9 (3.6%) of the publications after any infection. In 8 (3.2%) of the publications, ReA and USPA was used correspondingly. In 39 (15,7%) of the publications the term agent related, ReA was used without making a general definition for ReA. 79 publications (31,9%) have not defined ReA.According to causative agent and ReA relationship, in 64 (24,6%) general infective agents, in 75 (30,2%) classical agents, in 22 (8,9%) other bacterial agents, in 23 (9,3%) streptococcus, in 10(4%) intravesical BCG, in 6 (2.4%) HIV, in 6 (2.4%) tuberculosis, in 12 (4,8%) clostrudium difficle, in 2 (0.8%) parasites were reported. In 31 (12,5%) of the publications the causative agent for the ReA was unknown, the diagnosis was made clinically.Conclusion:In this study, it is aimed to draw attention terminology intricacy and the need for the standardization of the definition of ReA and USpA. It is clear that to standardize the definition of Rea and USpA is necessary. Between 2009-2019 there are reported cases diagnosed as ReA associated with bacterial infections (especially with Clostridium difficile, streptococcus and tuberculosis infections), and viral infections (by a majority with HIV), and parasitic infections. It is not clear if we need to define them classically or define them as USPA. Another important consideration is the necessity of extended laboratory investigations to find out the real causative agent even if the patient is clinically diagnosed with ReA. The requirement of the differentiation between ReA and USpA must be revealed for therapeutic researches.References:[1]A proposal for the classification of patients for clinical and experimental studies on reactive arthritis. Pacheco-Tena C, Burgos-Vargas R, Vázquez-Mellado J, Cazarín J, Pérez-Díaz JA. J Rheumatol. 1999 Jun;26(6):1338-46.[2]The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and for spondyloarthritis in general. Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Akkoc N, Brandt J, Chou CT, Dougados M, Huang F, Gu J, Kirazli Y, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:25–31.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals A lattice-theoretic characterization of pure subgroups of Abelian groups

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ferrara ◽  
M. Trombetti
Keyword(s):  
Abelian Group ◽  
Abelian Groups ◽  
Subgroup Lattice ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Theoretic Characterization ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractLet G be an abelian group. The aim of this short paper is to describe a way to identify pure subgroups H of G by looking only at how the subgroup lattice $$\mathcal {L}(H)$$ L ( H ) embeds in $$\mathcal {L}(G)$$ L ( G ) . It is worth noticing that all results are carried out in a local nilpotent context for a general definition of purity.

scholarly journals Proportional lumpability and proportional bisimilarity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Marin ◽  
Carla Piazza ◽  
Sabina Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Markov Chains ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
State Aggregation ◽  
Structural Regularity ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
Aggregation Technique ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractIn this paper, we deal with the lumpability approach to cope with the state space explosion problem inherent to the computation of the stationary performance indices of large stochastic models. The lumpability method is based on a state aggregation technique and applies to Markov chains exhibiting some structural regularity. Moreover, it allows one to efficiently compute the exact values of the stationary performance indices when the model is actually lumpable. The notion of quasi-lumpability is based on the idea that a Markov chain can be altered by relatively small perturbations of the transition rates in such a way that the new resulting Markov chain is lumpable. In this case, only upper and lower bounds on the performance indices can be derived. Here, we introduce a novel notion of quasi-lumpability, named proportional lumpability, which extends the original definition of lumpability but, differently from the general definition of quasi-lumpability, it allows one to derive exact stationary performance indices for the original process. We then introduce the notion of proportional bisimilarity for the terms of the performance process algebra PEPA. Proportional bisimilarity induces a proportional lumpability on the underlying continuous-time Markov chains. Finally, we prove some compositionality results and show the applicability of our theory through examples.

scholarly journals Two-loop superstring five-point amplitudes. Part II. Low energy expansion and S-duality

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D’Hoker ◽  
Carlos R. Mafra ◽  
Boris Pioline ◽  
Oliver Schlotterer
Keyword(s):  
Moduli Space ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Leading Order ◽  
Effective Interactions ◽  
Heterotic String Theory ◽  
Genus Two ◽  
Genus One ◽  
Graph Function ◽  
Point Amplitude

Abstract In an earlier paper, we constructed the genus-two amplitudes for five external massless states in Type II and Heterotic string theory, and showed that the α′ expansion of the Type II amplitude reproduces the corresponding supergravity amplitude to leading order. In this paper, we analyze the effective interactions induced by Type IIB superstrings beyond supergravity, both for U(1)R-preserving amplitudes such as for five gravitons, and for U(1)R-violating amplitudes such as for one dilaton and four gravitons. At each order in α′, the coefficients of the effective interactions are given by integrals over moduli space of genus-two modular graph functions, generalizing those already encountered for four external massless states. To leading and sub-leading orders, the coefficients of the effective interactions D2ℛ5 and D4ℛ5 are found to match those of D4ℛ4 and D6ℛ4, respectively, as required by non-linear supersymmetry. To the next order, a D6ℛ5 effective interaction arises, which is independent of the supersymmetric completion of D8ℛ4, and already arose at genus one. A novel identity on genus-two modular graph functions, which we prove, ensures that up to order D6ℛ5, the five-point amplitudes require only a single new modular graph function in addition to those needed for the four-point amplitude. We check that the supergravity limit of U(1)R-violating amplitudes is free of UV divergences to this order, consistently with the known structure of divergences in Type IIB supergravity. Our results give strong consistency tests on the full five-point amplitude, and pave the way for understanding S-duality beyond the BPS-protected sector.

What Is Fatigue?

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R. Macintosh ◽  
Dilson E. Rassier
Keyword(s):  
Contractile Response ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Calcium Sensitivity ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Posttetanic Potentiation ◽  
Tetanic Contraction ◽  
First Response ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Regulatory Light Chain Phosphorylation

Fatigue and potentiation are two forms of force modulation. A general definition of fatigue is "a circumstance where less than the anticipated contractile response is obtained." Fatigue is associated with depressed Ca2+ release and possibly decreased Ca2+ sensitivity. Potentiation results from increased Ca2+ sensitivity due to regulatory light chain phosphorylation. Muscle fatigue and potentiation can coexist, making it difficult to quantify these processes. With repetitive 10 Hz stimulation, the developed tension first increases, then decreases. Is fatigue present when developed tension first begins to decrease or when it falls below the developed tension of the first response? Intermittent incompletely fused tetanic contractions for which peak developed tension first decreases, then increases, is another unusual example of fatigue. A third example is when twitch contractions following a tetanic contraction decrease to a level below the pretetanic twitch amplitude, indicating that fatigue may have been coexistent with posttetanic potentiation. These observations illustrate the complexity of detecting fatigue, based on the simple, but commonly accepted definition presented above. Care must be taken in interpreting "before vs. after" contractile responses. Even when the contraction amplitude is greater than the initial response, there is no guarantee that mechanisms associated with fatigue are not present. Key words: calcium sensitivity, staircase, posttetanic potentiation, myosin light chains, skeletal muscle

scholarly journals General Definition of Gravitational Tension

2004 ◽  
Vol 2004 (05) ◽  
pp. 043-043 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Harmark ◽  
N.A Obers
Keyword(s):  
General Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Mean Diameters in Parallel-Flow and Counter-Flow Aerosol Systems

1976 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. T. Hollands ◽  
K. C. Goel
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Parallel Flow ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Counter Flow ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Definition Of

The general concept of the mean diameter of the disperse phase of an aerosol system, first introduced by Mugele and Evans in 1951, has proven to be a very useful one. In this concept, the proper mean diameter, xp,q, is characterized by a single pair of indices, p and q, which are dependent on the actual type of aerosol system under consideration. This paper re-examines the validity of this concept of mean diameter in heat and mass transfer aerosol systems. The concept is found to be applicable only under a very narrow range of conditions. Attention is then given to a more general definition of a mean diameter, applicable to aerosol heat or mass exchangers. Analyses of these devices shows that the more general mean diameter is a function of the capacity rate ratio, R, and effectiveness of the heat exchanger, ε. Solutions to the governing equations have permitted the mean diameter to be presented graphically as a function of these variables. These solutions are given for two types of particle size distributions, the Rosin-Rammler and the log-probability, and for both parallel-flow and counter-flow heat exchangers. The solutions are, however, restricted to cases where the resistance to heat or mass transfer lies exclusively in the continuous phase.

Compare and Analyze of the Definition and Development of Distributed Generation in China and Abroad

2014 ◽  
Vol 953-954 ◽  
pp. 925-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bi Bin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Power Generation ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Basic Characteristic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Incentive Policy ◽  
Definition Of

As the positive and important supplement to large-scale power generation, distributed generation (DG) will become key measure to promote energy conservation and solve the problems of climate change in China. Due to absence of universal authoritative definition of DG, this paper summarizes the basic characteristic of DG based on the definitions in typical countries (or organizations) and carried out general definition of DG considering our national conditions and power grid features. From the views of resource, incentive policy and industry, this paper analyzed the fundamental for DG development and compared the development status in typical countries.

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