On the Elusiveness of ββ0ν Decay

1998 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 405-418
Author(s):  
Tsan Ung Chan
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Particle ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Lepton Number ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Experimental Fact ◽  
Neutral Particles ◽  
Zero Mass ◽  
Number Conservation

To date, no evidence of ββ0ν decay has been found despite tremendous experimental efforts. In contrast, ββ2ν decay has been clearly and definitely observed in several nuclei. These experimental facts question the reality of ββ0ν decay. This ββ0ν decay which violates lepton number conservation can only occur if the neutrino is massive and is its own antiparticle or in other words is a truly neutral particle. The observation of this decay implies then that the neutrino is a truly neutral particle and it has a non-zero mass. But the absence of ββ0ν decay implies only that at least one of the two necessary conditions is not fulfilled. Since the truly neutral character of neutrino is a necessary condition, it is important to provide objective criteria of truly neutral particles. We propose a generalized Gell-Mann and Nishijima formula which provides naturally the criteria of truly neutral particles. According to these criteria n and ν are different from their antiparticles for symmetric reason. The absence of ββ0ν decay could then be simply understood. Indeed a truly neutral particle could be more generally defined as a neutral particle with respect to all charges and is its own antiparticle. The Dirac character of the neutrino does not contradict any experimental fact.

scholarly journals WHAT IS A MATTER PARTICLE?

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 259-272
Author(s):  
TSAN UNG CHAN
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Weak Interaction ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Neutral Particle ◽  
Z Bosons ◽  
Baryon Number ◽  
Lepton Number ◽  
Neutral Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Stability

Positive baryon numbers (A>0) and positive lepton numbers (L>0) characterize matter particles while negative baryon numbers and negative lepton numbers characterize antimatter particles. Matter particles and antimatter particles belong to two distinct classes of particles. Matter neutral particles are particles characterized by both zero baryon number and zero lepton number. This third class of particles includes mesons formed by a quark and an antiquark pair (a pair of matter particle and antimatter particle) and bosons which are messengers of known interactions (photons for electromagnetism, W and Z bosons for the weak interaction, gluons for the strong interaction). The antiparticle of a matter particle belongs to the class of antimatter particles, the antiparticle of an antimatter particle belongs to the class of matter particles. The antiparticle of a matter neutral particle belongs to the same class of matter neutral particles. A truly neutral particle is a particle identical with its antiparticle; it belongs necessarily to the class of matter neutral particles. All known interactions of the Standard Model conserve baryon number and lepton number; matter cannot be created or destroyed via a reaction governed by these interactions. Conservation of baryon and lepton number parallels conservation of atoms in chemistry; the number of atoms of a particular species in the reactants must equal the number of those atoms in the products. These laws of conservation valid for interaction involving matter particles are indeed valid for any particles (matter particles characterized by positive numbers, antimatter particles characterized by negative numbers, and matter neutral particles characterized by zero). Interactions within the framework of the Standard Model which conserve both matter and charge at the microscopic level cannot explain the observed asymmetry of our Universe. The strong interaction was introduced to explain the stability of nuclei: there must exist a powerful force to compensate the electromagnetic force which tends to cause protons to fly apart. The weak interaction with laws of conservation different from electromagnetism and the strong interaction was postulated to explain beta decay. Our observed material and neutral universe would signify the existence of another interaction that did conserve charge but did not conserve matter.

THE ANALOGUE OF THE AHARONOV–BOHM EFFECT FOR BOUND STATES FOR NEUTRAL PARTICLES

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 1331-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
KNUT BAKKE ◽  
C. FURTADO
Keyword(s):  
Bound States ◽  
Neutral Particle ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Quantum Ring ◽  
Persistent Currents ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Neutral Particles ◽  
Quantum Flux ◽  
Bohm Effect ◽  
Aharonov Bohm

We study the analogue of the Aharonov–Bohm effect for bound states for a neutral particle with a permanent magnetic dipole moment interacting with an external field. We consider a neutral particle confined to moving between two coaxial cylinders and show the dependence of the energy levels on the Aharonov-Casher quantum flux. Moreover, we show that the same flux dependence of the bound states can be found when the neutral particle is confined to a one-dimensional quantum ring and a quantum dot, and we also calculate the persistent currents in each case.

Role of neutral-particle bombardment in dust–dust interactions in plasmas

2001 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya. K. KHODATAEV ◽  
G. E. MORFILL ◽  
V. N. TSYTOVICH
Keyword(s):  
Free Path ◽  
Particle Bombardment ◽  
Neutral Particle ◽  
Mean Free Path ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Neutral Particles ◽  
Additional Force ◽  
Numerical Coefficient ◽  
The Mean

It is shown that the interaction of dust with neutral plasma particles can lead to attractive forces between dust particles, both in the case where the distance between dust particles is less than the mean free path of neutral particles and in the case where it is greater. The expressions for attractive forces differs in the two limits only by a numerical coefficient. The additional force of dust interaction is found to be due to the neutrals created by recombination of charged plasma particles on the surface of dust particles. The influence of radiative dust cooling on dust–dust interaction is considered.

scholarly journals Experiments on lepton and baryon stability and oscillation phenomena

1982 ◽  
Vol 304 (1482) ◽  
pp. 105-134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neutrino Mass ◽  
Neutrino Oscillations ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Solar And Atmospheric Neutrinos ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Lepton Number ◽  
Atmospheric Neutrinos ◽  
Nucleon Decay ◽  
Number Conservation ◽  
Experimental Approaches

The various experiments on lepton number conservation and on nucleon stability currently being done or prepared are reviewed, and their relative merits compared and discussed. The first part of the paper is devoted to the measurement of the neutrino mass and to the present limits on the conservation of the total lepton number and of the various lepton flavours. The existing results and future projects on the strictly connected problems of neutrino oscillations at nuclear reactors, pion factories and high energy accelerators will be also discussed, together with oscillations of solar and atmospheric neutrinos. The second part of the paper concerns the few results and the m any planned detectors on nucleon decay with particular emphasis on the problems of background radioactivity and of the variety of experimental approaches. Oscillation experiments on neutron—antineutron oscillations at nuclear reactors are also considered.

Certain Fourier Transforms of Distributions: II

1954 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 186-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Lukacs ◽  
Otto Szász
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Function ◽  
Fourier Transforms ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Laplace Transforms ◽  
Characteristic Functions ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Multiple Roots ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Class Of Functions

In an earlier paper (1), published in this journal, a necessary condition was given which the reciprocal of a polynomial without multiple roots must satisfy in order to be a characteristic function. This condition is, however, valid for a wider class of functions since it can be shown (2, theorem 2 and corollary to theorem 3) that it holds for all analytic characteristic functions. The proof given in (1) is elementary and has some methodological interest since it avoids the use of theorems on singularities of Laplace transforms. Moreover the method used in (1) yields some additional necessary conditions which were not given in (1) and which do not seem to follow easily from the properties of analytic characteristic functions.

Eccentricity in irregular multistory buildings

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. W.-T. Cheung ◽  
W. K. Tso
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Building Code ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Practical Procedure ◽  
Multistory Buildings ◽  
Plane Frame ◽  
Code Procedure ◽  
Code Provisions

To evaluate the seismic torsional effect on multistory buildings, the concept of eccentricity is extended from single-story buildings to multistory buildings by defining the locations of the centers of rigidity at each floor. A practical procedure to locate the centers of rigidity and hence floor eccentricity is introduced. This procedure depends on the use of plane frame computer programs only and is suitable for use in design offices. The seismic torsional provisions in the National Building Code of Canada 1985 (NBCC 1985) explicitly emphasize that the code provisions apply to buildings where the centres of rigidity lie on a vertical axis only. By means of examples, it verifies the claim of NBCC 1985. Also, it shows that, for buildings with centers of rigidity scattered from a vertical axis, the code procedure may or may not apply. Therefore, one should interpret the condition of centers of rigidity located along a vertical axis to be a sufficient, but not a necessary, condition for the NBCC 85 code provisions to be applicable. Until the necessary conditions are known, dynamic analysis remains the most reliable method to assign the torsional effects to various portions of the building. Key words: building code, center of rigidity, dynamic analysis, eccentricity, irregular, multistory, seismic, torsion.

scholarly journals Syarat Perlu dan Cukup untuk Keterbatasan Potensial Riesz di Ruang Morrey Klasik

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Mohammad Imam Utoyo ◽  
Basuki Widodo ◽  
Toto Nusantara ◽  
Suhariningsih Suhariningsih
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Function ◽  
Morrey Space ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Riesz Potential ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

This script was aimed to determine the necessary conditions for boundedness of Riesz potential in the classical Morrey space. If these results are combined with previous research results will be obtained the necessary and sufficient condition for boundedness of Riesz potential. This necessary condition is obtained through the use of characteristic function as one member of the classical Morrey space.

scholarly journals PEMENUHAN ELEMEN NECESSARY CONDITIONS KECAMATAN DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN PEMERINTAHAN UMUM DI KABUPATEN PANDEGLANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Arif Nugroho ◽  
Delly Maulana
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
National Unity ◽  
General Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Technical Basis

 Artikel ini mengulas Pemenuhan Elemen Necessary Conditions Kecamatan dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan umum baik secara nasional dan spesifik diperdalam dengan fakta empiris di Kabupaten Pandeglang, hal itu sebagai konsekuansi dari pelaksanaan Undang – Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian diketahui, penyelenggaraan pemerintahan umum Kecamatan baik fakta secara nasional serta pendalaman fakta empiris di Kabupaten Pandeglang menunjukan belum cukup tertopang oleh elemen necessary condition diantaranya kepastian atas kewenangan legalnya serta anggaran yang menyertainya. Oleh sebab itu dipandang perlu ada kemauan politik baik itu dari Presiden untuk segera mengundangkan Peraturan – Pemerintah sebagai landasan teknis bagi pemerintah daerah selaku kepala wilayah maupun dari Kepala Daerah Kabupaten/Kota untuk melakukan terobosan agar supaya di masa peralihan implementasi Undang – Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 kewenangan – kewenangan pada bidang kesatuan bangsa, keamanan dan keteriban umum dapat dilimpahkan pada Kecamatan serta Elemen Necessary Conditions lain yang menyertainya diperkuat.     This article discusses the fulfillment of the elements of the sub-district's necessary conditions in the administration of general government both nationally and specifically and deepened by empirical facts in Pandeglang Regency, this is a consequence of the implementation of Law Number 23 of 2014. The research approach used is qualitative. The results showed that in the administration of district general government both the facts nationally and the deepening of empirical facts in Pandeglang district were not sufficiently supported by elements of necessary conditions, including certainty of legal authority and budget. Therefore, there needs to be political will, both from the president, to immediately ratify the Government Regulation as a technical basis for the regional government (Territory) as well as from the Head of Regency / City to make breakthroughs so that in the transitional period the implementation of Law Number 23 Year 2014 powers in the areas of national unity, security and public order can be transferred to the District and the accompanying elements of necessary conditions are strengthened.

Necessary Conditions for Multistationarity and Stable Periodicity

1998 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
El Houssine Snoussi
Keyword(s):  
Differential System ◽  
Jacobian Matrix ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Formal Proof ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Constant Sign ◽  
Interaction Graph ◽  
Partial Derivatives

We show in this paper that, for a differential system defined by a quasi-monotonous function f (with constant sign partial derivatives) the existence of a positive loop in the interaction graph associated to the Jacobian matrix of f is a necessary condition for multistationarity, and the existence of a negative loop comprising at least two elements is a necessary condition for stable periodicity. This gives a formal proof of R.Thomas's conjectures.

Optimal Trajectories and the Accessory Minimum Problem

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Sounding Rocket ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Minimum Problem ◽  
Multiplier Rule ◽  
Variation Of A Function ◽  
Accessory Minimum Problem ◽  
The First Variation ◽  
The Second Variation

SummaryThe necessary conditions of Clebsch and Weierstrass and of the multiplier rule in the calculus of variations, which arise from the study of the first variation of a function, are summarised. A further necessary condition associated with the second variation is stated. The latter condition is applied to two problems: (i) the determination of the thrust-time programme which maximises the altitude of a sounding rocket, (ii) the determination of the thrust direction programme for a rocket with a known propellant expenditure programme which yields a maximum range. In both problems it is found that the additional necessary condition is satisfied.

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