Informal Loans in Russia: Why Not to Borrow from a Bank?

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (03) ◽  
pp. 1650016
Author(s):  
Maria Semenova ◽  
Victoria Kulikova
Keyword(s):  
Great Proportion ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Credit Rationing ◽  
Informal Credit ◽  
Loan Market

After the 2008 crisis, the Russian consumer loan market shows high growth rates, accompanied by the quality deteriorating even faster. At the same time, a great proportion of households are not attracted by the banks and borrow informally. In this paper, we aim to learn why households refuse to become bank clients, using the data from a 2009–2010 national survey of Russian households. Our results suggest that household's choice of the informal credit market is based not only on credit rationing, but also on a lack of financial literacy, credit discipline and trust in the banking sector as a whole.

The Systemic Effects of Prudential Regulation Toughening:The Results of a Stress-test for Russian Banks

2012 ◽  
pp. 4-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mamonov ◽  
A. Pestova ◽  
O. Solntsev
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Government Ownership ◽  
Prudential Regulation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability

The stability of Russian banking sector is threatened by three negative tendencies - overheating of the credit market, significant decrease of banks capital adequacy ratios, and growing problems associated with banks lending to affiliated non-financial corporations. The co-existence of these processes reflects the crisis of the model of private investments in Russian banking sector, which was observed during the last 20 years. This paper analyzes the measures of the Bank of Russia undertaken to maintain the stability of the banking sector using the methodology of credit risk stress-testing. Based on this methodology we conclude that the Bank of Russias actions can prevent the overheating of the credit market, but they can also lead to undesirable effects: further expansion of the government ownership in Russian banking sector and substitution of domestic credit supply by cross-border corporate borrowings. The later weakens the competitive positions of Russian banks. We propose a set of measures to harmonize the prudential regulation of banks. Our suggestions rely on design and further implementation of the programs aimed at developing new markets for financial services provided by Russian banks to their corporate and retail customers. The estimated effects of proposed policy measures are both the increase in profitability and capitalization of Russian banks and the decrease of banks demand for government support.

Cyber crimes in the banking sector: Case study of Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
LE Thanh Tam ◽  
Nguyen Minh Chau ◽  
Pham Ngoc Mai ◽  
Ngo Ha Phuong ◽  
Vu Khanh Huyen Tran
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Technological Revolution ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Cyber Crimes

The technological revolution 4.0 brings great opportunities, but also cybercrimes to economic sectors, especially to banks. Using secondary data and survey results of 305 bank clients, the main findings of this paper are: (i) there are several types of cybercrimes in the banking sector; (ii) Vietnam is one of the top countries worldwide having hackers and being attacked by hackers, especially the banking sector. Three most common attacks are skimming, hacking and phishing. Number of cybercrime attacks in Vietnam are increasing rapidly over years; (iii) Vietnamese customers are very vulnerable to cybercrime in banking, as more than 58% seem to hear about cybercrimes, and how banks provide services to let them know about their transactions. However, more than 50% do not have any deep knowledge or any measures for preventing cybercrime; (iii) Customers believe in banks, but do not think that banks can deal with cybercrime issues well. They still feel traditional transactions are more secure than e-transactions; (iv) the reasons for high cybercrimes come from commercial banks (low management and human capacity), supporting environment (inadequate), legal framework (not yet strong and strict enough on cybercrimes), and clients (low level of financial literacy). Therefore, several solutions should be carried out, from all stakeholders, for improving the cybersecurity in Vietnamese banks. 

GROWTH OF PIKE-PERCH SANDER LUCIOPERCA (L., 1758) (PERCIDAE) IN RESERVOIRS OF K. SATPAYEV’S CHANNEL

2018 ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Saule Zhangirovna Asylbekova ◽  
Kuanysh Baibulatovich Isbekov ◽  
Vladimir Nickolaevich Krainyuk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Trophic Resources ◽  
Pike Perch ◽  
The Amur River ◽  
Back Calculation ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors

Pike-perch is an invader for the water basins of Central Kazakhstan. These species have stable self-reproductive populations in the regional waters. Back calculation method was used to investigate pike-perch growth rates in reservoirs of K. Satpayev’s channel. For comparison, the data from the other water bodies (Vyacheslavsky and Sherubay-Nurinsky water reservoirs) were used, as well as literature data. Pike-perch species from the investigated waters don’t show high growth rates. The populations from the reservoirs of K. Satpayev’s channel have quite similar growth rates with populations from the Amur river, from a number of reservoirs in the Volga river basin and from the reservoir in Spain. Sexual differences in growth have not been observed. Evaluating possible influence of various abiotic and biotic factors on the growth rate of pike-perch in the reservoirs of K. Satpayev’s channel was carried out. It has been stated that the availability of trophic resources cannot play a key role in growth dynamics because of their high abundance. Morphology of water bodies also does not play a role, as well as chromaticity, turbidity and other optical water indicators. It can be supposed that the main factor influencing growth of pike perch is the habitat’s temperature. This factor hardly ever approaches optimal values for the species in reservoirs of K. Satpaev’s channel. The possible influence of fishing selectivity on pike-perch growth rates was also evaluated. Currently, there has been imposed a moratorium on pike-perch catch. However, pike-perch is found in by-catches and in catches of amateur fishermen. It should be said that such seizures have an insignificant role in the dynamics of growth rates.

Biology of Gadus morhua in Ogac Lake, a Landlocked Fiord on Baffin Island

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2573-2594 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Patriquin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Fin Ray ◽  
High Length

Gadus morhua L. occurs in Ogac Lake, a salt, meromictic lake on Baffin Island that receives influxes of seawater only during the highest summer tides. Cod of the order of 10,000 of lengths 25 cm and greater and 500 of lengths greater than 60 cm were present. The size ranges for various ages far exceeded those of oceanic populations. Feeding conditions were poor, and sea urchins predominated in the diet. Large cod (greater than 50 cm) were highly cannibalistic, and it was estimated that they consume of the order of 3500 fish of 20–40 cm annually. Maturation occurred at the unusually large size of 85 cm in females, and at about 65 cm in males. Apparently many of the cod never reach these sizes. Spawning was from late May to early July in 1962, and initiation of spawning appeared to be related to light. The hatching of cod larvae coincided with the appearance of the nauplii of the dominant copepod in the lake. Egg size was highly variable and exhibited a curious bimodalism. Variation in vertebral and fin-ray counts was slight in spite of high environmental variability, and thus appears largely genetically controlled. Possibly the first inhabitants came from Greenland stocks, which have high growth rates similar to the faster growing cod in the lake, and similar high length at maturity. Meristic characters also suggest affinity with Greenland rather than Labrador cod. The hydrography of the area and the possibilities of larval drift or adult migration into the lake are discussed. Cannibalism must exert continuing selection for high growth rates, but very poor feeding conditions and hierarchial dominance effects probably prevent general attainment of high growth rates.

scholarly journals Credit Rationing and the Commercial Loan-Market.

1972 ◽  
Vol 82 (326) ◽  
pp. 758
Author(s):  
C. W. J. Granger ◽  
Dwight M. Jaffee
Keyword(s):  
Credit Rationing ◽  
Loan Market

Amorphous silicon deposited at high growth rates near the onset of microcrystallinity

2000 ◽  
Vol 266-269 ◽  
pp. 450-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoram Lubianiker ◽  
Yanyang Tan ◽  
J.David Cohen ◽  
Gautam Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Silicon ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
High Growth

Very High Growth Rate of 4H-SiC Using MTS as Chloride-Based Precursor

2008 ◽  
Vol 600-603 ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Pedersen ◽  
Stefano Leone ◽  
Anne Henry ◽  
Franziska Christine Beyer ◽  
Vanya Darakchieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Linear Dependence ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Epitaxial Layers ◽  
Single Precursor ◽  
Very High

The chlorinated precursor methyltrichlorosilane (MTS), CH3SiCl3, has been used to grow epitaxial layers of 4H-SiC in a hot wall CVD reactor, with growth rates as high as 170 µm/h at 1600°C. Since MTS contains both silicon and carbon, with the C/Si ratio 1, MTS was used both as single precursor and mixed with silane or ethylene to study the effect of the C/Si and Cl/Si ratios on growth rate and doping of the epitaxial layers. When using only MTS as precursor, the growth rate showed a linear dependence on the MTS molar fraction in the reactor up to about 100 µm/h. The growth rate dropped for C/Si < 1 but was constant for C/Si > 1. Further, the growth rate decreased with lower Cl/Si ratio.

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