Several monochromators, which are based on the use of cylindrically bent perfect Si crystals, have been constructed at the High Energy X-ray Scattering beamlines of the ESRF. The monochromators provide different focusing conditions, and the energy band-passes are optimized for the needs of different experiments. Formulas are given for calculation of the focal distances, reflectivity curves, and energy distributions. The lay-out of the beamlines follows the Troika concept, where the radiation fan is either split in 3 beams, or the central beam is utilized successively by semi-transparent monochromators to serve three experimental stations simultaneously. The radiation sources are a 7-period permanent magnet asymmetric wiggler and a superconducting wavelength shifter. The critical energies are 45 keV and 96 keV, respectively. The lowest operation energy is 30 keV, and transmission type monochromators have been used up to 1 MeV photon energies. Typical X-ray flux at the sample is 10
Precise and nondestructive characterization of a ‘buried’ nanostructure in a polymer thin film using synchrotron radiation ultra-small angle X-ray scattering
