scholarly journals A comparative performance study of the routing protocols LOAD and RPL with bi-directional traffic in low-power and lossy networks (LLN)

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Herberg ◽  
Thomas Clausen
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Comparative Performance

scholarly journals Designing an Adversarial Model Against Reactive and Proactive Routing Protocols in MANETS: A Comparative Performance Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Peda Gopi ◽  
E. Suresh Babu ◽  
C. Naga Raju ◽  
S. Ashok Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Wormhole Attack ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Proactive Routing ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Adversarial Model

Mobile ad-hoc networks are self-organized infrastructure less networks that consists of mobile nodes, which are capable of maintaining and forming the network by themselves. Recently, researchers are designed several routing protocols on these networks. However, these routing protocols are more vulnerable to attacks from the intruders, which can easily paralyze the operation of the network due to its inherited characteristics of MANETS. One such type of attack is wormhole attack. Because of its severity, the wormhole attack has attracted a great deal of attention in the research community. This paper compares reactive and proactive routing protocols in adversarial environment. Specifically, wormhole attack is applied to these routing protocols to evaluate its performance through simulation. Comprehensively the results shows the comparative performance of these protocols against wormhole attack is hard to detect and easy to implement.

scholarly journals Routing Protocols for Low Power and Lossy Networks in Internet of Things Applications

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2144 ◽  
Author(s):  
José V. V. Sobral ◽  
Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues ◽  
Ricardo A. L. Rabêlo ◽  
Jalal Al-Muhtadi ◽  
Valery Korotaev
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Iot Devices

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications has taken the attention of several researchers. In an effort to provide interoperability and IPv6 support for the IoT devices, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed the 6LoWPAN stack. However, the particularities and hardware limitations of networks associated with IoT devices lead to several challenges, mainly for routing protocols. On its stack proposal, IETF standardizes the RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) as the routing protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). RPL is a tree-based proactive routing protocol that creates acyclic graphs among the nodes to allow data exchange. Although widely considered and used by current applications, different recent studies have shown its limitations and drawbacks. Among these, it is possible to highlight the weak support of mobility and P2P traffic, restrictions for multicast transmissions, and lousy adaption for dynamic throughput. Motivated by the presented issues, several new solutions have emerged during recent years. The approaches range from the consideration of different routing metrics to an entirely new solution inspired by other routing protocols. In this context, this work aims to present an extensive survey study about routing solutions for IoT/LLN, not limited to RPL enhancements. In the course of the paper, the routing requirements of LLNs, the initial protocols, and the most recent approaches are presented. The IoT routing enhancements are divided according to its main objectives and then studied individually to point out its most important strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, as the main contribution, this study presents a comprehensive discussion about the considered approaches, identifying the still remaining open issues and suggesting future directions to be recognized by new proposals.

scholarly journals Comparative Performance Simulation of DSDV AODV and DSR MANET Protocols in NS2

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Erion Cana
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Pause Time ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
High Flexibility

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) are self-configured and infrastructure less networks with autonomous mobile nodes. Due to the high flexibility, these kind of networks are heavily used in rescue operations, military missions etc. Many routing protocols for this kind of networks exist. This article presents a comparative and quantitative performance study of DSDV, AODV and DSR routing protocols using different simulation models in NS2. Performance metrics like PDR, E2E Delay and Throughput are analyzed under varying network, traffic and mobility parameters like number of nodes, traffic flows, mobility speed and pause time. Results show that AODV outperforms DSDV and DSR in all the performance metrics. DSDV performs better than DSR in terms of PDR and E2E delay. DSR gives 20-30 higher Throughput than DSDV. Performance metrics are highly influenced by network topology parameters like number of nodes and number of traffic flow connections. Mobility parameters like speed and pause time have slight impact on performance.

scholarly journals Routing Protocols for Mobile Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey on Challenges and Solutions

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 2320
Author(s):  
Zawar Shah ◽  
Andrew Levula ◽  
Khawar Khurshid ◽  
Jawad Ahmed ◽  
Imdad Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mobile Internet ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Iot Devices

The Internet of Things (IoT) is aimed to provide efficient and seamless connectivity to a large number of low-power and low-cost embedded devices, consequently, the routing protocols play a fundamental role in achieving these goals. The IETF has recently standardized the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) for LLNs (i.e., Low-power and Lossy Networks) and is well-accepted among the Internet community. However, RPL was proposed for static IoT devices and suffers from many issues when IoT devices are mobile. In this paper, we first present various issues that are faced by the RPL when IoT devices are mobile. We then carry out a detailed survey of various solutions that are proposed in the current literature to mitigate the issues faced by RPL. We classify various solutions into five categories i.e., ‘Trickle-timer based solutions’, ‘ETX based solutions’, ‘RSSI based solutions’, ‘Position-based solutions’, and ‘Miscellaneous solutions’. For each category of these solutions, we illustrate their working principles, issues addressed and make a thorough assessment of their strengths and weaknesses. In addition, we found several flaws in the performance analysis done by the authors of each of the solutions, e.g., nodes mobility, time intervals, etc., and suggest further investigations for the performance evaluations of these solutions in order to assess their applicability in real-world environments. Moreover, we provide future research directions for RPL supporting various real-time applications, mobility support, energy-aware, and privacy-aware routing.

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