scholarly journals Taming Reflection

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Sun ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Tegawendé F. Bissyandé ◽  
Jacques Klein ◽  
Damien Octeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Current State ◽  
Private Data ◽  
Target Values ◽  
New Instrumentation ◽  
Traditional Paradigm ◽  
Static Detection

Android developers heavily use reflection in their apps for legitimate reasons. However, reflection is also significantly used for hiding malicious actions. Unfortunately, current state-of-the-art static analysis tools for Android are challenged by the presence of reflective calls, which they usually ignore. Thus, the results of their security analysis, e.g., for private data leaks, are incomplete, given the measures taken by malware writers to elude static detection. We propose a new instrumentation-based approach to address this issue in a non-invasive way. Specifically, we introduce to the community a prototype tool called DroidRA, which reduces the resolution of reflective calls to a composite constant propagation problem and then leverages the COAL solver to infer the values of reflection targets. After that, it automatically instruments the app to replace reflective calls with their corresponding Java calls in a traditional paradigm. Our approach augments an app so that it can be more effectively statically analyzable, including by such static analyzers that are not reflection-aware. We evaluate DroidRA on benchmark apps as well as on real-world apps, and we demonstrate that it can indeed infer the target values of reflective calls and subsequently allow state-of-the-art tools to provide more sound and complete analysis results.

scholarly journals A Review of the State of the Art in Non-Contact Sensing for COVID-19

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 5665
Author(s):  
William Taylor ◽  
Qammer H. Abbasi ◽  
Kia Dashtipour ◽  
Shuja Ansari ◽  
Syed Aziz Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Current State ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Contact Sensing

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in a global pandemic recently. With no approved vaccination or treatment, governments around the world have issued guidance to their citizens to remain at home in efforts to control the spread of the disease. The goal of controlling the spread of the virus is to prevent strain on hospitals. In this paper, we focus on how non-invasive methods are being used to detect COVID-19 and assist healthcare workers in caring for COVID-19 patients. Early detection of COVID-19 can allow for early isolation to prevent further spread. This study outlines the advantages and disadvantages and a breakdown of the methods applied in the current state-of-the-art approaches. In addition, the paper highlights some future research directions, which need to be explored further to produce innovative technologies to control this pandemic.

scholarly journals Ulixes: Facial Recognition Privacy with Adversarial Machine Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 2022 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-165
Author(s):  
Thomas Cilloni ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Charles Walter ◽  
Charles Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Current State ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Adversarial Examples ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Photo Management

Abstract Facial recognition tools are becoming exceptionally accurate in identifying people from images. However, this comes at the cost of privacy for users of online services with photo management (e.g. social media platforms). Particularly troubling is the ability to leverage unsupervised learning to recognize faces even when the user has not labeled their images. In this paper we propose Ulixes, a strategy to generate visually non-invasive facial noise masks that yield adversarial examples, preventing the formation of identifiable user clusters in the embedding space of facial encoders. This is applicable even when a user is unmasked and labeled images are available online. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Ulixes by showing that various classification and clustering methods cannot reliably label the adversarial examples we generate. We also study the effects of Ulixes in various black-box settings and compare it to the current state of the art in adversarial machine learning. Finally, we challenge the effectiveness of Ulixes against adversarially trained models and show that it is robust to countermeasures.

scholarly journals Nanostructured Gas Sensors for Medical and Health Applications: Low to High Dimensional Materials

Biosensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noushin Nasiri ◽  
Christian Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Gas Sensors ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Human Breath ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Current State ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Applications

Human breath has long been known as a system that can be used to diagnose diseases. With advancements in modern nanotechnology, gas sensors can now diagnose, predict, and monitor a wide range of diseases from human breath. From cancer to diabetes, the need to treat at the earliest stages of a disease to both increase patient outcomes and decrease treatment costs is vital. Therefore, it is the promising candidate of rapid and non-invasive human breath gas sensors over traditional methods that will fulfill this need. In this review, we focus on the nano-dimensional design of current state-of-the-art gas sensors, which have achieved records in selectivity, specificity, and sensitivity. We highlight the methods of fabrication for these devices and relate their nano-dimensional materials to their record performance to provide a pathway for the gas sensors that will supersede.

Current State of the Art in Non-Invasive Urodynamics

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sahai ◽  
J. Seth ◽  
F. Van der Aa ◽  
J. Panicker ◽  
D. De Ridder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Current State

scholarly journals Innovative method for reducing uninformative calls in non-invasive prenatal testing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Budis ◽  
Juraj Gazdarica ◽  
Jan Radvanszky ◽  
Gabor Szucs ◽  
Marcel Kucharik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Prenatal Testing ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Current State ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Supplementary Material

AbstractMotivationNon-invasive prenatal testing or NIPT is currently among the top researched topic in obstetric care. While the performance of the current state-of-the-art NIPT solutions achieve high sensitivity and specificity, they still struggle with a considerable number of samples that cannot be concluded with certainty. Such uninformative results are often subject to repeated blood sampling and re-analysis, usually after two weeks, and this period may cause a stress to the future mothers as well as increase the overall cost of the test.ResultsWe propose a supplementary method to traditional z-scores to reduce the number of such uninformative calls. The method is based on a novel analysis of the length profile of circulating cell free DNA which compares the change in such profiles when random-based and length-based elimination of some fragments is performed. The proposed method is not as accurate as the standard z-score; however, our results suggest that combination of these two independent methods correctly resolves a substantial portion of healthy samples with an uninformative result. Additionally, we discuss how the proposed method can be used to identify maternal aberrations, thus reducing the risk of false positive and false negative calls.Availability and ImplementationA particular implementation of the proposed methods is not provided with the manuscript.ContactCorrespondence regarding the manuscript should be directed at Frantisek Duris ([email protected]).Supplementary InformationNo additional supplementary information is available.

Behavioral Genetics: Concepts for Research and Practice in Language Development and Disorders

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1126-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Gilger
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Designs

This paper is an introduction to behavioral genetics for researchers and practioners in language development and disorders. The specific aims are to illustrate some essential concepts and to show how behavioral genetic research can be applied to the language sciences. Past genetic research on language-related traits has tended to focus on simple etiology (i.e., the heritability or familiality of language skills). The current state of the art, however, suggests that great promise lies in addressing more complex questions through behavioral genetic paradigms. In terms of future goals it is suggested that: (a) more behavioral genetic work of all types should be done—including replications and expansions of preliminary studies already in print; (b) work should focus on fine-grained, theory-based phenotypes with research designs that can address complex questions in language development; and (c) work in this area should utilize a variety of samples and methods (e.g., twin and family samples, heritability and segregation analyses, linkage and association tests, etc.).

Schizophrenia Research: Current State of the Art

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 497-498
Author(s):  
STANLEY GRAND
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current State

Umbral Calculus

10.37236/24 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Di Bucchianico ◽  
D. Loeb
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Finite Differences ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Umbral Calculus ◽  
Current State ◽  
Logical Foundation ◽  
Complete Bibliography ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Mathematical Literature

We survey the mathematical literature on umbral calculus (otherwise known as the calculus of finite differences) from its roots in the 19th century (and earlier) as a set of “magic rules” for lowering and raising indices, through its rebirth in the 1970’s as Rota’s school set it on a firm logical foundation using operator methods, to the current state of the art with numerous generalizations and applications. The survey itself is complemented by a fairly complete bibliography (over 500 references) which we expect to update regularly.

Automated C-11 Methyl Iodide/Triflate Production: Current State of the Art

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 2119-2126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Mock
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Iodide ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current State
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