Feruloylated Arabinoxylan and Oligosaccharides: Chemistry, Nutritional Functions, and Options for Enzymatic Modification

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang Lin ◽  
Jane W. Agger ◽  
Casper Wilkens ◽  
Anne S. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cereal Brans ◽  
Antioxidant Effects

Cereal brans and grain endosperm cell walls are key dietary sources of different types of arabinoxylan. Arabinoxylan is the main group of hemicellulosic polysaccharides that are present in the cell walls of monocot grass crops and hence in cereal grains. The arabinoxylan polysaccharides consist of a backbone of β-(1→4)-linked xylopyranosyl residues, which carry arabinofuranosyl moieties, hence the term arabinoxylan. Moreover, the xylopyranosyl residues can be acetylated or substituted by methyl-glucuronic acid. The arabinofuranosyls may be esterified with a feruloyl group. Feruloylated arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides exert beneficial bioactivities via prebiotic, immunomodulatory, and/or antioxidant effects. New knowledge on microbial enzymes that catalyze specific structural modifications of arabinoxylans can help us understand how these complex fibers are converted in the gut and provide a foundation for the production of feruloylated arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides from brans or other cereal grain processing sidestreams as functional food ingredients. There is a gap between the structural knowledge, bioactivity data, and enzymology insight. Our goal with this review is to present an overview of the structures and bioactivities of feruloylated arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides and review the enzyme reactions that catalyze specific changes in differentially substituted arabinoxylans. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 12 is March 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Role of the Inflammasome in Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelle de Carvalho Ribeiro ◽  
Gyongyi Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Different Types

The involvement of inflammasomes in the proinflammatory response observed in chronic liver diseases, such as alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is widely recognized. Although there are different types of inflammasomes, most studies to date have given attention to NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) in the pathogenesis of ALD, NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. Canonical inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that are assembled after the sensing of danger signals and activate caspase-1, which matures interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and IL-37 and also induces a form of cell death called pyroptosis. Noncanonical inflammasomes activate caspase-11 to induce pyroptosis. We discuss the different types of inflammasomes involved in liver diseases with a focus on ( a) signals and mechanisms of inflammasome activation, ( b) the role of different types of inflammasomes and their products in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, and ( c) potential therapeutic strategies targeting components of the inflammasomes or cytokines produced upon inflammasome activation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Next-Generation Genetic and Fermentation Technologies for Safe and Sustainable Production of Food Ingredients: Colors and Flavorings

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Oh Seo ◽  
Yong-Su Jin
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Strain Engineering ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Sustainable Operations ◽  
Food Ingredients

A growing human population is a significant issue in food security owing to the limited land and resources available for agricultural food production. To solve these problems, sustainable food manufacturing processes and the development of alternative foods and ingredients are needed. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology can help solve the food security issue and satisfy the demand for alternative food production. Bioproduction of food ingredients by microbial fermentation is a promising method to replace current manufacturing processes, such as extraction from natural materials and chemical synthesis, with more ecofriendly and sustainable operations. This review highlights successful examples of bioproduction for food additives by engineered microorganisms, with an emphasis on colorants and flavors that are extensively used in the food industry. Recent strain engineering developments and fermentation strategies for producing selected food colorants and flavors are introduced with discussions on the current status and future perspectives. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Genetics of Thoroughbred Racehorse Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Bailey ◽  
Jessica L. Petersen ◽  
Theodore S. Kalbfleisch
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The Past ◽  
Racing Performance ◽  
Thoroughbred Horses ◽  
Genomic Tools ◽  
Dna Variants ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Genomic Regions

Thoroughbred horses have been selected for racing performance for more than 400 years. Despite continued selection, race times have not improved significantly during the past 60 years, raising the question of whether genetic variation for racing performance still exists. Studies using phenotypes such as race time, money earned, and handicapping, however, demonstrate that there is extensive variation within these traits and that they are heritable. Even so, these are poor measures of racing success since Thoroughbreds race at different ages and distances and on different types of tracks, and some may not race at all. With the advent of genomic tools, DNA variants are being identified that contribute to racing success. Aside from strong associations for myostatin variants with best racing distance, weak to modest associations with racing phenotypes are reported for other genomic regions. These data suggest that diverse genetic strategies have contributed to producing a successful racehorse, and genetic variation contributing to athleticism remains important. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Recent Advances in Food Emulsions and Engineering Foodstuffs Using Plant-Based Nanocelluloses

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Bai ◽  
Siqi Huan ◽  
Ya Zhu ◽  
Guang Chu ◽  
David Julian McClements ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽  
Edible Films ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Pickering Emulsions ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Functional Ingredients ◽  
Potential Safety

In this article, the application of nanocelluloses, especially cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals, as functional ingredients in foods is reviewed. These ingredients offer a sustainable and economic source of natural plant-based nanoparticles. Nanocelluloses are particularly suitable for altering the physicochemical, sensory, and nutritional properties of foods because of their ability to create novel structures. For instance, they can adsorb to air–water or oil–water interfaces and stabilize foams or emulsions, self-assemble in aqueous solutions to form gel networks, and act as fillers or fat replacers. The functionality of nanocelluloses can be extended by chemical functionalization of their surfaces or by using them in combination with other natural food ingredients, such as biosurfactants or biopolymers. As a result, it is possible to create stimuli-responsive, tailorable, and/or active functional biomaterials suitable for a range of food applications. In this article, we describe the chemistry, structure, and physicochemical properties of cellulose as well as their relevance for the application of nanocelluloses as functional ingredients in foods. Special emphasis is given to their use as particle stabilizers in Pickering emulsions, but we also discuss their potential application for creating innovative biomaterials with novel functional attributes, such as edible films and packaging. Finally, some of the challenges associated with using nanocelluloses in foods are critically evaluated, including their potential safety and consumer acceptance. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 12 is March 25, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Motivation for Roots in Distributed Morphology

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Embick
Keyword(s):  
Online Publication ◽  
Distributed Morphology ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Phase Theory ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Minimalist Syntax ◽  
Domain Differences

Within Distributed Morphology, it has been proposed that the lexical vocabulary consists of Roots: category-less primitives. The motivation for Roots is connected with a line of argument reaching back to Chomsky concerning the representation of lexical categories and their role in syntax. At the center of the theory of Roots is the Two Domains Intuition: the idea that there are two different types of domains in which grammatical interactions (form: allomorphy; meaning: allosemy) occur. Roots are posited as part of an argument against lexicalist approaches to the Two Domains Intuition that reduce it to a modular distinction between the lexicon and the syntax. In place of the modular distinction, Root-based approaches hypothesize that domain differences are derivative of syntactic locality effects in a way that connects with the phase theory of Minimalist syntax. This review examines developments leading to current versions of a Roots-and-contexts theory. A particular focus is on the idea that separating lexical Roots from the morphemes that categorize them is essential to defining the distinct locality domains that are posited to explain the effects subsumed under the Two Domains Intuition. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 7 is January 14, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Alternative Protein Sources as Technofunctional Food Ingredients

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Grossmann ◽  
Jochen Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Product ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
World Population ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Structural And Functional Properties ◽  
Alternative Sources

Proteins obtained from alternative sources such as plants, microorganisms, and insects have attracted considerable interest in the formulation of new food products that have a lower environmental footprint and offer means to feed a growing world population. In contrast to many established proteins, and protein fractions for which a substantial amount of knowledge has accumulated over the years, much less information is available on these emerging proteins. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on alternative proteins and their sources, highlighting gaps that currently pose obstacles to their more widespread application in the food industry. The compositional, structural, and functional properties of alternative proteins from various sources, including plants, algae, fungi, and insects, are critically reviewed. In particular, we focus on the factors associated with the creation of protein-rich functional ingredients from alternative sources. The various protein fractions in these sources are described as well as their behavior under different environmental conditions (e.g., pH, ionic strength, and temperature). The extraction approaches available to produce functional protein ingredients from these alternative sources are introduced as well as challenges associated with designing large-scale commercial processes. The key technofunctional properties of alternative proteins, such as solubility, interfacial activity, emulsification, foaming, and gelation properties, are introduced. In particular, we focus on the formation of isotropic and anisotropic structures suitable for creating meat and dairy product analogs using various structuring techniques. Finally, selected studies on consumer acceptance and sustainability of alternative protein products are considered. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 12 is March 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Systemic Risk in Financial Networks: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew O. Jackson ◽  
Agathe Pernoud
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Financial Networks ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Optimal Regulation ◽  
Fire Sales ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

We provide an overview of the relationship between financial networks and systemic risk. We present a taxonomy of different types of systemic risk, differentiating between direct externalities between financial organizations (e.g., defaults, correlated portfolios, fire sales), and perceptions and feedback effects (e.g., bank runs, credit freezes). We also discuss optimal regulation and bailouts, measurements of systemic risk and financial centrality, choices by banks regarding their portfolios and partnerships, and the changing nature of financial networks. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Economics, Volume 13 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Long-Distance Transported RNAs: From Identity to Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Kehr ◽  
Richard J. Morris ◽  
Friedrich Kragler
Keyword(s):  
Biological Function ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Different Types

There is now a wealth of data, from different plants and labs and spanning more than two decades, which unequivocally demonstrates that RNAs can be transported over long distances, from the cell where they are transcribed to distal cells in other tissues. Different types of RNA molecules are transported, including micro- and messenger RNAs. Whether these RNAs are selected for transport and, if so, how they are selected and transported remain, in general, open questions. This aspect is likely not independent of the biological function and relevance of the transported RNAs, which are in most cases still unclear. In this review, we summarize the experimental data supporting selectivity or nonselectivity of RNA translocation and review the evidence for biological functions. After discussing potential issues regarding the comparability between experiments, we propose criteria that need to be critically evaluated to identify important signaling RNAs. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 73 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Chitosan and Derivatives: Bioactivities and Application in Foods

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Da-Yong Zhou ◽  
Zi-Xuan Wu ◽  
Fa-Wen Yin ◽  
Shuang Song ◽  
Ao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Food System ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Grafting Copolymerization

Chitosan is a biodegradable, biocompatible, and nontoxic aminopolysaccharide. This review summarizes and discusses the structural modifications, including substitution, grafting copolymerization, cross-linking, and hydrolysis, utilized to improve the physicochemical properties and enhance the bioactivity and functionality of chitosan and related materials. This manuscript also reviews the current progress and potential of chitosan and its derivatives in body-weight management and antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory activities as well as their ability to interact with gut microbiota. In addition, the potential of chitosan and its derivatives as functional ingredients in food systems, such as film and coating materials, and delivery systems is discussed. This manuscript aims to provide up-to-date information to stimulate future discussion and research to promote the value-added utilization of chitosan in improving the safety, quality, nutritional value and health benefits, and sustainability of our food system while reducing the environmental hazards. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 12 is March 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Analytical Technologies for Liquid Biopsy of Subcellular Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila D.M. Campos ◽  
Katie Childers ◽  
Sachindra S.T. Gamage ◽  
Harshani Wijerathne ◽  
Zheng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Biopsy ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Sample Matrix ◽  
Figures Of Merit ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Different Types

Liquid biopsy markers, which can be secured from a simple blood draw or other biological samples, are used to manage a variety of diseases and even monitor for bacterial or viral infections. Although there are several different types of liquid biopsy markers, the subcellular ones, including cell-free DNA, microRNA, extracellular vesicles, and viral particles, are evolving in terms of their utility. A challenge with liquid biopsy markers is that they must be enriched from the biological sample prior to analysis because they are a vast minority in a mixed population, and potential interferences may be present in the sample matrix that can inhibit profiling the molecular cargo from the subcellular marker. In this article, we discuss existing and developing analytical enrichment platforms used to isolate subcellular liquid biopsy markers, and discuss their figures of merit such as recovery, throughput, and purity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, Volume 14 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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