Genetics of Thoroughbred Racehorse Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Bailey ◽  
Jessica L. Petersen ◽  
Theodore S. Kalbfleisch
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The Past ◽  
Racing Performance ◽  
Thoroughbred Horses ◽  
Genomic Tools ◽  
Dna Variants ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Genomic Regions

Thoroughbred horses have been selected for racing performance for more than 400 years. Despite continued selection, race times have not improved significantly during the past 60 years, raising the question of whether genetic variation for racing performance still exists. Studies using phenotypes such as race time, money earned, and handicapping, however, demonstrate that there is extensive variation within these traits and that they are heritable. Even so, these are poor measures of racing success since Thoroughbreds race at different ages and distances and on different types of tracks, and some may not race at all. With the advent of genomic tools, DNA variants are being identified that contribute to racing success. Aside from strong associations for myostatin variants with best racing distance, weak to modest associations with racing phenotypes are reported for other genomic regions. These data suggest that diverse genetic strategies have contributed to producing a successful racehorse, and genetic variation contributing to athleticism remains important. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Modeling of Ferroelectric Oxide Perovskites: From First to Second Principles

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Ghosez ◽  
Javier Junquera
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Matter ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Energy Derivatives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Ferroelectric Perovskite

Taking a historical perspective, we provide a brief overview of the first-principles modeling of ferroelectric perovskite oxides over the past 30 years. We emphasize how the work done by a relatively small community on the fundamental understanding of ferroelectricity and related phenomena has been at the origin of consecutive theoretical breakthroughs, with an impact going often well beyond the limit of the ferroelectric community. In this context, we first review key theoretical advances such as the modern theory of polarization, the computation of functional properties as energy derivatives, the explicit treatment of finite fields, or the advent of second-principles methods to extend the length and timescale of the simulations. We then discuss how these have revolutionized our understanding of ferroelectricity and related phenomena in this technologically important class of compounds. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Recent Research on the Archaeology of War and Violence

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Consequences Of Violence

The mid-1990s through the first decade of the new millennium marked an increase in publications pertaining to war and violence in the ancient past. This review considers how scholars of the past decade have responded to that work. The emerging consensus is that war and violence were endemic to all societies studied by archaeologists, and yet the frequency, intensity, causes, and consequences of violence were highly variable for reasons that defy simplistic explanation. The general trend has been toward archaeologies of war and violence that focus on understanding the nuances of particular places and historical moments. Nevertheless, archaeologists continue to grapple with grand narratives of war, such as the proposition that violence has decreased from ancient to modern times and the role of war and violence in state formation and collapse. Recent research also draws attention to a more expansive definition of violence. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Biological Phase Separation and Biomolecular Condensates in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Emenecker ◽  
Alex S. Holehouse ◽  
Lucia C. Strader
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Condensed Matter ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Nuclear Speckles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Shared Property ◽  
And Function ◽  
Physical Principles

A surge in research focused on understanding the physical principles governing the formation, properties, and function of membraneless compartments has occurred over the past decade. Compartments such as the nucleolus, stress granules, and nuclear speckles have been designated as biomolecular condensates to describe their shared property of spatially concentrating biomolecules. Although this research has historically been carried out in animal and fungal systems, recent work has begun to explore whether these same principles are relevant in plants. Effectively understanding and studying biomolecular condensates require interdisciplinary expertise that spans cell biology, biochemistry, and condensed matter physics and biophysics. As such, some involved concepts may be unfamiliar to any given individual. This review focuses on introducing concepts essential to the study of biomolecular condensates and phase separation for biologists seeking to carry out research in this area and further examines aspects of biomolecular condensates that are relevant to plant systems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Plant-Based Proteins: The Good, Bad, and Ugly

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Aimutis
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Consumption Enjoyment ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Made In

Our global population is growing at a pace to exceed 10 billion people by the year 2050. This growth will place pressure on the agricultural production of food to feed the hungry masses. One category that will be strained is protein. Per capita protein consumption is rising in virtually every country for both nutritional reasons and consumption enjoyment. The United Nations estimates protein demand will double by 2050, and this will result in a critical overall protein shortage if drastic changes are not made in the years preceding these changes. Therefore, the world is in the midst of identifying technological breakthroughs to make protein more readily available and sustainable for future generations. One protein sourcing category that has grown in the past decade is plant-based proteins, which seem to fit criteria established by discerning consumers, including healthy, sustainable, ethical, and relatively inexpensive. Although demand for plant-based protein continues to increase, these proteins are challenging to utilize in novel food formulations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Prevalence and Adaptive Impact of Introgression

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel B. Edelman ◽  
James Mallet
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Adaptive Introgression ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
Potential Benefits

Alleles that introgressed between species can influence the evolutionary and ecological fate of species exposed to novel environments. Hybrid offspring of different species are often unfit, and yet it has long been argued that introgression can be a potent force in evolution, especially in plants. Over the last two decades, genomic data have increasingly provided evidence that introgression is a critically important source of genetic variation and that this additional variation can be useful in adaptive evolution of both animals and plants. Here, we review factors that influence the probability that foreign genetic variants provide long-term benefits (so-called adaptive introgression) and discuss their potential benefits. We find that introgression plays an important role in adaptive evolution, particularly when a species is far from its fitness optimum, such as when they expand their range or are subject to changing environments. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Role of the Inflammasome in Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelle de Carvalho Ribeiro ◽  
Gyongyi Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Different Types

The involvement of inflammasomes in the proinflammatory response observed in chronic liver diseases, such as alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is widely recognized. Although there are different types of inflammasomes, most studies to date have given attention to NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) in the pathogenesis of ALD, NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. Canonical inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that are assembled after the sensing of danger signals and activate caspase-1, which matures interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and IL-37 and also induces a form of cell death called pyroptosis. Noncanonical inflammasomes activate caspase-11 to induce pyroptosis. We discuss the different types of inflammasomes involved in liver diseases with a focus on ( a) signals and mechanisms of inflammasome activation, ( b) the role of different types of inflammasomes and their products in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, and ( c) potential therapeutic strategies targeting components of the inflammasomes or cytokines produced upon inflammasome activation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Spectrum of Helicobacter-Mediated Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Robinson ◽  
John C. Atherton
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Human Carcinogen ◽  
The Past ◽  
H Pylori

Helicobacter pylori is the leading cause of peptic ulcer disease. The infection has been implicated in more than 75% of duodenal ulcer cases and 17% of gastric ulcer cases. H. pylori has been classified as a human carcinogen, since it is the main cause of distal gastric adenocarcinoma and B cell mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Evidence also links H. pylori with extragastric conditions including iron deficiency anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and vitamin B12 deficiency. Studies indicate that H. pylori may be protective against other conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., reflux esophagitis and related pathologies) and elsewhere in the body (e.g., asthma). The infection is asymptomatic in the vast majority of cases; more serious outcomes occur in only 10–15% of infected individuals. Despite extensive research over the past 3 decades, there is no effective vaccine, and the circumstances leading to disease development remain unclear. In addition, there is now a growing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in H. pylori. This review discusses these important issues. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 16 is January 25, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Regulation of Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Murphy ◽  
Charles Steenbergen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mitochondrial Matrix ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Disease Specific

Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production but are also known as regulators of cell death, and mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ is a key modulator of both ATP production and cell death. Although mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and efflux have been studied for over 50 years, it is only in the past decade that the proteins responsible for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and efflux have been identified. The identification of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) led to an explosion of studies identifying regulators of the MCU. The levels of these regulators vary in a tissue- and disease-specific manner, providing new insight into how mitochondrial Ca2+ is regulated. This review focuses on the proteins responsible for mitochondrial transport and what we have learned from mouse studies with genetic alterations in these proteins. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 83 is February 10, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Workplace Envy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle K. Duffy ◽  
KiYoung Lee ◽  
Elizabeth A. Adair
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Knowledge Base ◽  
Practical Implications

In the past 20 years, there has been a growing interest in the phenomenon of workplace envy. This article provides an overarching review and analysis of the workplace envy literature. We first consider conceptual and measurement challenges facing envy researchers. We then review the current knowledge base in the research with a focus on synthesizing what we have learned regarding workplace envy's transmutations, highlighting directions for future research. We explore two relatively understudied areas in the envy literature—antecedents of envy and the experience of being envied. We discuss methodologies used in the literature to study envy and outcomes and conclude with a focus on cross-cultural and practical implications. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Volume 8 is January 21, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Topological Magnons: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. McClarty
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Matter ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Magnetic Excitations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Topological Materials ◽  
And Topology ◽  
Magnetic Couplings ◽  
Berry Phases ◽  
Topological Matter

At sufficiently low temperatures, magnetic materials often enter correlated phases hosting collective, coherent magnetic excitations such as magnons or triplons. Drawing on the enormous progress on topological materials of the past few years, recent research has led to new insights into the geometry and topology of these magnetic excitations. Berry phases associated with magnetic dynamics can lead to observable consequences in heat and spin transport, whereas analogs of topological insulators and semimetals can arise within magnon band structures from natural magnetic couplings. Magnetic excitations offer a platform to explore the interplay of magnetic symmetries and topology, to drive topological transitions using magnetic fields; examine the effects of interactions on topological bands; and generate topologically protected spin currents at interfaces. In this review, we survey progress on all these topics, highlighting aspects of topological matter that are unique to magnon systems and the avenues yet to be fully investigated. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document