scholarly journals Pathways Toward High-Energy Li-Sulfur Batteries, Identified via Multi-Reaction Chemical Modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Korff ◽  
Andrew M. Colclasure ◽  
Yeyoung Ha ◽  
Kandler Smith ◽  
Steven DeCaluwe
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Electrochemical Kinetics ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Chemical Modeling ◽  
Discharge Performance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
1D Model ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
Battery Discharge

Abstract Here we present a 1D model of a Li-Sulfur battery with physically derived geometric parameters and thermodynamically consistent electrochemical kinetics. The approach enables straightforward comparison of proposed Li-S mechanisms and provides insights into the influence of polysulfide intermediates on battery discharge. Comparing predictions from multiple mechanisms demonstrates the need for both lithiated and non-lithiated polysulfide species, and highlights the challenge of developing parameter estimates for complex electrochemical mechanisms. The model is also used to explore cathode design strategies. Discharge performance and polysulfide concentrations for electrolyte/sulfur rations in the range 2 - 4 microleters per mg identifies trade-offs that limit battery energy and power density, and highlights the risk of polysulfide precipitation. New cathode and electrolyte approaches must limit polysulfide concentrations in the electrolyte, both to unlock better rate capabilities in Li-S technology and to prevent capacity fade due to polysulfide precipitation.

Sulfur vacancies in Co9S8-x/N-doped graphene enhancing electrochemical kinetics to high-performance lithium sulfur batteries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haojie Li ◽  
Yihua Song ◽  
Kai Xi ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Sheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cathode Materials ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Catalytic Conversion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electrochemical Kinetics ◽  
Lithium Sulfur Batteries ◽  
Doped Graphene ◽  
Sulfur Battery ◽  
Areal Capacity ◽  
Lithium Sulfur

A sufficient areal capacity is necessary for achieving high-energy lithium sulfur battery, which requires high enough sulfur loading in cathode materials. Therefore, kinetically fast catalytic conversion of polysulfide intermediates is...

scholarly journals Risk-Averse Scheduling of Combined Heat and Power-Based Microgrids in Presence of Uncertain Distributed Energy Resources

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7119
Author(s):  
Abbas Rabiee ◽  
Ali Abdali ◽  
Seyed Masoud Mohseni-Bonab ◽  
Mohsen Hazrati
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Robust Scheduling ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, a robust scheduling model is proposed for combined heat and power (CHP)-based microgrids using information gap decision theory (IGDT). The microgrid under study consists of conventional power generation as well as boiler units, fuel cells, CHPs, wind turbines, solar PVs, heat storage units, and battery energy storage systems (BESS) as the set of distributed energy resources (DERs). Additionally, a demand response program (DRP) model is considered which has a successful performance in the microgrid hourly scheduling. One of the goals of CHP-based microgrid scheduling is to provide both thermal and electrical energy demands of the consumers. Additionally, the other objective is to benefit from the revenues obtained by selling the surplus electricity to the main grid during the high energy price intervals or purchasing it from the grid when the price of electricity is low at the electric market. Hence, in this paper, a robust scheduling approach is developed with the aim of maximizing the total profit of different energy suppliers in the entire scheduling horizon. The employed IGDT technique aims to handle the impact of uncertainties in the power output of wind and solar PV units on the overall profit.

High energy density lithium-ion batteries with carbon nanotube anodes

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1636-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Landi ◽  
Cory D. Cress ◽  
Ryne P. Raffaelle
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Single Walled Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
Graphite Composites

Recent advancements using carbon nanotube electrodes show the ability for multifunctionality as a lithium-ion storage material and as an electrically conductive support for other high capacity materials like silicon or germanium. Experimental data show that replacement of conventional anode designs, which use graphite composites coated on copper foil, with a freestanding silicon-single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) anode, can increase the usable anode capacity by up to 20 times. In this work, a series of calculations were performed to elucidate the relative improvement in battery energy density for such anodes paired with conventional LiCoO2, LiFePO4, and LiNiCoAlO2 cathodes. Results for theoretical flat plate prismatic batteries comprising freestanding silicon-SWCNT anodes with conventional cathodes show energy densities of 275 Wh/kg and 600 Wh/L to be theoretically achievable; this is a 50% improvement over today's commercial cells.

Numerical Analysis of Latent Thermal Energy Storage System With Embedded Thermosyphons

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthik Nithyanandam ◽  
Ranga Pitchumani
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Storage System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Concentrating Solar Power ◽  
Discharge Performance ◽  
Low Thermal Conductivity

Latent thermal energy storage (LTES) system offers high energy storage density and nearly isothermal operation for concentrating solar power generation. However, the low thermal conductivity possessed by the phase change material (PCM) used in LTES system limits the heat transfer rates. Utilizing thermosyphons to charge or discharge a LTES system offers a promising engineering solution to compensate for the low thermal conductivity of the PCM. The present work numerically investigates the enhancement in the thermal performance of charging and discharging process of LTES system by embedding thermosyphons. A transient, computational analysis of the LTES system with embedded thermosyphons is performed for both charging and discharging cycles. The influence of the design configuration of the system and the arrangement of the thermosyphons on the charge and discharge performance of the LTES installed in a concentrating solar power plant (CSP) is analyzed to identify configurations that lead to improved effectiveness.

Design strategies for oxy-combustion power plant captured CO2 purification

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikenna J. Okeke ◽  
Tia Ghantous ◽  
Thomas A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Oxygen Removal ◽  
Water Removal ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Technoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
End Use

Abstract This study presents a novel design and techno-economic analysis of processes for the purification of captured CO2 from the flue gas of an oxy-combustion power plant fueled by petroleum coke. Four candidate process designs were analyzed in terms of GHG emissions, thermal efficiency, pipeline CO2 purity, CO2 capture rate, levelized costs of electricity, and cost of CO2 avoided. The candidates were a classic process with flue-gas water removal via condensation, flue-gas water removal via condensation followed by flue-gas oxygen removal through cryogenic distillation, flue-gas water removal followed by catalytic conversion of oxygen in the flue gas to water via reaction with hydrogen, and oxy-combustion in a slightly oxygen-deprived environment with flue-gas water removal and no need for flue gas oxygen removal. The former two were studied in prior works and the latter two concepts are new to this work. The eco-technoeconomic analysis results indicated trade-offs between the four options in terms of cost, efficiency, lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, costs of CO2 avoided, technical readiness, and captured CO2 quality. The slightly oxygen-deprived process has the lowest costs of CO2 avoided, but requires tolerance of a small amount of H2, CO, and light hydrocarbons in the captured CO2 which may or may not be feasible depending on the CO2 end use. If infeasible, the catalytic de-oxygenation process is the next best choice. Overall, this work is the first study to perform eco-technoeconomic analyses of different techniques for O2 removal from CO2 captured from an oxy-combustion power plant.

scholarly journals Alloy design strategies to increase strength and its trade-offs together

2020 ◽  
pp. 100720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Zeon Han ◽  
Eun-Ae Choi ◽  
Sung Hwan Lim ◽  
Sangshik Kim ◽  
Jehyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Alloy Design ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Mathematical absurdities in the California net energy system

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1018-1028
Author(s):  
Carl A Old ◽  
Ian J Lean ◽  
Heidi A Rossow
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Energy System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Mitochondrial Metabolism ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
High Energy Phosphate ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics

Abstract Net energy systems, such as the California Net Energy System (CNES), are useful for prediction of input:output relationships not because of fidelity to the laws of thermodynamics, but because they were designed to predict well. Unless model descriptions of input:output relationships are consistent with the laws of thermodynamics, conclusions regarding those relationships may be incorrect. Heat energy (HE) + recovered energy (RE) = ME intake (MEI) is basic to descriptions of energy utilization found in the CNES and is consistent with the laws of thermodynamics; it may be the only relationship described in the CNES consistent with the first law of thermodynamics. In the CNES, efficiencies of ME utilization for maintenance (km) and gain (kg) were estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) equations. Efficiencies thus estimated using static linear models are often inconsistent with the biochemistry of processes underlying maintenance and gain. Reactions in support of oxidative mitochondrial metabolism are thermodynamically favorable and irreversible; these reactions yield ATP, or other high-energy phosphate bonds, used for what is generally termed maintenance. Synthesis of biomass (gain) is less thermodynamically favorable; reactions do not proceed unless coupled with hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds and lie closer to equilibrium than those in support of oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. The opposite is described in the CNES (km > kg) due to failure of partitioning of HE; insufficient HE is accounted for in maintenance. Efficiencies of ME utilization (km and kg) as described in the CNES are variable. Further neither km nor kg are uniformly monotonic f (ME, Mcal/kg); for ME (Mcal/kg) <0.512 or >4.26, km are inconsistent with thermodynamically allowed values for efficiencies (>1.0); kg are a monotonically positive f (ME) concentration (Mcal/kg) for ME <3.27 Mcal/kg. For ME <1.42 Mcal/kg, kg are not in the range of thermodynamically allowed values for efficiencies (0 to 1.0). Variable efficiencies of ME utilization require that the first law may not be observed in all cases. The CNES is an excellent empirical tool for prediction of input:output relationship, but many CNES parameter estimates evaluated in this study lack consistency with biology and the laws of thermodynamics.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Nanostructured Transition Metal Carbide- and Nitride-Based Cathode Electrocatalysts for Li–O2 Batteries (LOBs): A Brief Review

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2106
Author(s):  
K. Karuppasamy ◽  
K. Prasanna ◽  
Vasanth Rajendiran Jothi ◽  
Dhanasekaran Vikraman ◽  
Sajjad Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Rate Capability ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Electrochemical Kinetics ◽  
Transition Metal Carbide ◽  
Round Trip ◽  
Slow Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

A large volume of research on lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries (LOBs) has been conducted in the recent decades, inspired by their high energy density and power density. However, these future generation energy-storage devices are still subject to technical limitations, including a squat round-trip efficiency and a deprived rate-capability, due to the slow-moving electrochemical kinetics of both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) over the surface of the cathode catalyst. Because the electrochemistry of LOBs is rather complex, only a limited range of cathode catalysts has been employed in the past. To understand the catalytic mechanisms involved and improve overall cell performance, the development of new cathode electrocatalysts with enhanced round-trip efficiency is extremely important. In this context, transition metal carbides and nitrides (TMCs and TMNs, respectively) have been explored as potential catalysts to overcome the slow kinetics of electrochemical reactions. To provide an accessible and up-to-date summary for the research community, the present paper reviews the recent advancements of TMCs and TMNs and its applications as active electrocatalysts for LOBs. In particular, significant studies on the rational design of catalysts and the properties of TMC/TMN in LOBs are discussed, and the prospects and challenges facing the continued development of TMC/TMN electrocatalysts and strategies for attaining higher OER/ORR activity in LOBs are presented.

Relative Performance of a TGS for the Assay of Drummed Waste as Function of Collimator Opening

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Kane ◽  
S. Croft ◽  
P. McClay ◽  
R. Venkataraman ◽  
M. F. Villani
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
High Energy ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
High Energy Resolution ◽  
Waste Forms ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scan Pattern

Improving the safety, accuracy and overall cost effectiveness of the processes and methods used to characterize and handle radioactive waste is an on-going mission for the nuclear industry. An important contributor to this goal is the development of superior non-destructive assay instruments. The Tomographic Gamma Scanner (TGS) is a case in point. The TGS applies low spatial resolution experimental computed tomograghy (CT) linear attenuation coefficient maps with three-dimensional high-energy resolution single photon emission reconstructions. The results are presented as quantitative matrix attenuation corrected images and assay values for gamma-emitting radionuclides. Depending on a number of operational factors, this extends the diversity of waste forms that can be assayed, to a given accuracy, to items containing more heterogeneous matrix distributions and less uniform emission activity distributions. Recent advances have significantly extended the capability to a broader range of matrix density and to a wider dynamic range of surface dose rate. Automated systems sense the operational conditions, including the container type, and configure themselves accordingly. The TGS also provides a flexible data acquisition platform and can be used to perform far-field style measurements, classical segmented gamma scanner measurements, or to implement hybrid methods, such as reconstructions that use a priori knowledge to constrain the image reconstruction or the underlying energy dependence of the attenuation. A single, yet flexible, general purpose instrument of this kind adds several tiers of strategic and tactical value to facilities challenged by a diverse and difficult to assay waste streams. The TGS is still in the early phase of industrial uptake. There are only a small number of general purpose TGS systems operating worldwide, most being configured to automatically select between a few configurations appropriate for routine operations. For special investigations, one may wish to widen the repertoire but there is currently little guidance as to the trade-offs involved. In this work, we address this weakness by studying the performance of a typical TGS arrangement as a function of collimator opening, scan pattern and scan time for a representative selection of simulated waste forms. Our focus is on assessing the impact on the precision and accuracy of the quantitative assay result but we also report the utility of the imaging information in confirming acceptable knowledge about the packages.

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