Lower growth hormone and higher cortisol are associated with greater visceral adiposity, intramyocellular lipids, and insulin resistance in overweight girls

Although body composition, insulin sensitivity, and lipids are markedly altered in overweight adolescents, hormonal associations with these parameters have not been well characterized. Growth hormone (GH) deficiency and hypercortisolemia predispose to abdominal adiposity and insulin resistance, and GH secretion is decreased in obese adults. We hypothesized that low-peak GH on the GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-arginine stimulation test and high cortisol in overweight adolescents would be associated with higher regional fat, insulin resistance, and lipids. We examined the following parameters in 15 overweight and 15 bone age-matched control 12- to 18-yr-old girls: 1) body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and MR [visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue at L4–L5 and soleus intramyocellular lipid (1H-MR spectroscopy)], 2) peak GH on the GHRH-arginine stimulation test, 3) mean overnight GH and cortisol, 4) 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFC), 5) fasting lipids, and 6) an oral glucose tolerance test. Stepwise regression was the major tool employed to determine relationships between measured parameters. Log peak GH on the GHRH-arginine test was lower ( P = 0.03) and log UFC was higher ( P = 0.02) in overweight girls. Log mean cortisol (overnight sampling) was associated positively with subcutaneous adipose tissue and, with body mass index standard deviation score, accounted for 92% of its variability, whereas log peak GH and body mass index standard deviation score accounted for 88% of visceral adipose tissue variability and log peak GH for 34% of the intramyocellular lipid variability. Log mean cortisol was independently associated with log homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, LDL, and HDL and explained 49–59% of the variability. Our data indicate that lower peak GH and higher UFC in overweight girls are associated with visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, and lipids.

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The Relationship of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Topography (SAT-Top) by Means of LIPOMETER with Body Mass Index and Body Composition in Obese Children and Adolescents

Body Composition Assessment in Children and Adolescents - Medicine and Sport Science ◽

10.1159/000061757 ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 36-45

Author(s):

K. Sudi ◽

R. Mo¨ller ◽

E. Tafeit ◽

G. Weinhandl ◽

M.H. Borkenstein

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Composition ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Body Mass ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Obese Children ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

The Relationship

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Functional correlates of detailed body composition in healthy elderly subjects

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00162.2017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 124 (1) ◽

pp. 182-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Corinna Geisler ◽

Lisa Schweitzer ◽

Manfred J. Müller

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Composition ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Filtration Rate ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Plasma Leptin ◽

Visceral Adipose ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

Individual Body

Methods of body composition analysis are now widely used to characterize health status, i.e., nutritional status, metabolic rates, and cardiometabolic risk factors. However, the functional correlates of individual body components have not been systematically analyzed. In this study, we have used a two-compartment model, which was assessed by air displacement plethysmography. Detailed body composition was measured by whole body magnetic resonance imaging in a healthy population of 40 Caucasians, aged 65–81 yr (20 men; body mass index range: 18.6–37.2 kg/m2). Physical, metabolic, as well as endocrine functions included pulmonary function, handgrip strength, gait speed, sit-to-stand test, physical activity, blood pressure, body temperature, resting energy expenditure (REE), liver and kidney functions (glomerular filtration rate), insulin sensitivity [homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)], plasma lipids, plasma leptin, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, insulin-like growth factor I levels, thyroid status, vitamins, and inflammation. Individual body compartments were intercorrelated, e.g., skeletal muscle mass (SM) correlated with visceral adipose tissue ( r = 0.53) and kidneys ( r = 0.62). For the functional correlates, SM ( r = 0.58) and liver volume ( r = 0.63) were associated with REE, SM correlated with handgrip strength ( r = 0.57), and kidneys with glomerular filtration rate ( r = 0.57). While visceral adipose tissue correlated with HOMA ( r = 0.59), subcutaneous adipose tissue was related to plasma leptin levels ( r = 0.84). The subcutaneous adipose tissue-to-leptin relationship was moderated by inflammation increasing the explained variance of leptin levels by 4.0%. In linear regression analysis, detailed body composition explained variances in REE (75.0%), HOMA (41.0%), and leptin (78.0%) compared with a body mass index-based model (REE 16.0%, HOMA 31.0%, leptin 45.0%). In addition, detailed body composition explained 39.0% of the variance in kidney function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY BCA should be used to address specific body functions only. In clinical practice, there is need of a clear focus on the specific research question related to physical, metabolic, or endocrine functions.

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Protein array reveals different protein levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with growth hormone deficiency in adulthood

Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel ◽

10.1055/s-2007-984749 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2 (04) ◽

Author(s):

D Gasperikova ◽

J Ukropec ◽

A Penesova ◽

M Skopkova ◽

M Vlcek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Growth Hormone Deficiency ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Protein Array ◽

Hormone Deficiency ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

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Insulin resistance, systemic and regional inflammation in subcutaneous adipose tissue during weight loss in a population with obesity

Endocrine Abstracts ◽

10.1530/endoabs.63.p595 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Frederique Van de Velde ◽

Margriet Ouwens ◽

Arsene-Helene Batens ◽

Samyah Shadid ◽

Bruno Lapauw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

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Visceral obesity: A new risk factor for stone disease

Canadian Urological Association Journal ◽

10.5489/cuaj.3145 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (11-12) ◽

pp. 795 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ilker Akarken ◽

Hüseyin Tarhan ◽

Rahmi Gökhan Ekin ◽

Özgür Çakmak ◽

Gökhan Koç ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Stone Disease ◽

Flank Pain ◽

Fat Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Introduction: We examined the relationship between stone disease and the amount of visceral adipose tissue measured with unenhanced computed tomography (CT).Methods: We included 149 patients with complaints of flank pain and kidney stones detected by CT, from August 2012 to April 2013. In addition, as the control group we included 139 healthy individuals, with flank pain within the same time period, with no previous history of urological disease and no current kidney stones identified by CT. Patients were analyzed for age, gender, body mass index, amount of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and serum level of low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride.Results: There were no differences between groups in terms of gender and age (p = 0.27 and 0.06, respectively). Respective measurements for the stone and control groups for body mass index were 29.1 and 27.6 kg/m2; for visceral fat measurement 186.0 and 120.2 cm2; and for subcutaneous fat measurements 275.9 and 261.9 cm2 (p = 0.01; 0.01 and 0.36, respectively). Using multivariate analysis, the following factors were identified as increasing the risk of kidney stone formation: hyperlipidemia (p = 0.003), hypertension (p = 0.001), and ratio of visceral fat tissue to subcutaneous fat tissue (p = 0.01). Our study has its limitations, including its retrospective nature, its small sample size, possible selection bias, and missing data. The lack of stone composition data is another major limitation of our study.Conclusion: The ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue, in addition to obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, was identified as an emerging factor in the formation of kidney stones.

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Inflammation and impaired adipogenesis in hypertrophic obesity in man

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00377.2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 297 (5) ◽

pp. E999-E1003 ◽

Cited By ~ 162

Author(s):

Birgit Gustafson ◽

Silvia Gogg ◽

Shahram Hedjazifar ◽

Lachmi Jenndahl ◽

Ann Hammarstedt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Whole Body ◽

Preadipocyte Differentiation ◽

Metabolic Complications ◽

Adipose Cell ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

Adipose Cell Size

Obesity is associated mainly with adipose cell enlargement in adult man (hypertrophic obesity), whereas the formation of new fat cells (hyperplastic obesity) predominates in the prepubertal age. Adipose cell size, independent of body mass index, is negatively correlated with whole body insulin sensitivity. Here, we review recent findings linking hypertrophic obesity with inflammation and a dysregulated adipose tissue, including local cellular insulin resistance with reduced IRS-1 and GLUT4 protein content. In addition, the number of preadipocytes in the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue capable of undergoing differentiation to adipose cells is reduced in hypertrophic obesity. This is likely to promote ectopic lipid accumulation, a well-known finding in these individuals and one that promotes insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk. We also review recent results showing that TNFα, but not MCP-1, resistin, or IL-6, completely prevents normal adipogenesis in preadipocytes, activates Wnt signaling, and induces a macrophage-like phenotype in the preadipocytes. In fact, activated preadipocytes, rather than macrophages, may completely account for the increased release of chemokines and cytokines by the adipose tissue in obesity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms for the impaired preadipocyte differentiation in the subcutaneous adipose tissue in hypertrophic obesity is a priority since it may lead to new ways of treating obesity and its associated metabolic complications.

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