scholarly journals α-Synuclein binds the KATP channel at insulin-secretory granules and inhibits insulin secretion

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (2) ◽  
pp. E276-E286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuehui Geng ◽  
Haiyan Lou ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Lehong Li ◽  
Alexandra L. Swanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Glucose Stimulation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
Granule Density ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion

α-Synuclein has been studied in numerous cell types often associated with secretory processes. In pancreatic β-cells, α-synuclein might therefore play a similar role by interacting with organelles involved in insulin secretion. We tested for α-synuclein localizing to insulin-secretory granules and characterized its role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescent sulfonylureas were used to test for α-synuclein localization to insulin granules in β-cells, immunoprecipitation with Western blot analysis for interaction between α-synuclein and KATP channels, and ELISA assays for the effect of altering α-synuclein expression up or down on insulin secretion in INS1 cells or mouse islets, respectively. Differences in cellular phenotype between α-synuclein knockout and wild-type β-cells were found by using confocal microscopy to image the fluorescent insulin biosensor Ins-C-emGFP and by using transmission electron microscopy. The results show that anti-α-synuclein antibodies labeled secretory organelles within β-cells. Anti-α-synuclein antibodies colocalized with KATP channel, anti-insulin, and anti-C-peptide antibodies. α-Synuclein coimmunoprecipitated in complexes with KATP channels. Expression of α-synuclein downregulated insulin secretion at 2.8 mM glucose with little effect following 16.7 mM glucose stimulation. α-Synuclein knockout islets upregulated insulin secretion at 2.8 and 8.4 mM but not 16.7 mM glucose, consistent with the depleted insulin granule density at the β-cell surface membranes observed in these islets. These findings demonstrate that α-synuclein interacts with KATP channels and insulin-secretory granules and functionally acts as a brake on secretion that glucose stimulation can override. α-Synuclein might play similar roles in diabetes as it does in other degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Forkhead Box O1 Protects Pancreatic β-Cells against Dexamethasone-Induced Dysfunction

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (9) ◽  
pp. 4065-4073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiongfei Zhang ◽  
Wei Yong ◽  
Jinghuan Lv ◽  
Yunxia Zhu ◽  
Jingjing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cell ◽  
Rinm5f Cells ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Rat Islets ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Forkhead Box ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion

Abstract Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1) is a key transcription regulator of insulin/IGF-I signaling pathway, and its activity can be increased by dexamethasone (DEX) in several cell types. However, the role of FoxO1 in DEX-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction has not been fully understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether FoxO1 could mediate DEX-induced β-cell dysfunction and the possible underlying mechanisms in pancreatic β-cell line RINm5F cells and primary rat islet. We found that DEX markedly increased FoxO1 mRNA and protein expression and decreased FoxO1 phosphorylation through the Akt pathway, which resulted in an increase in active FoxO1 in RINm5F cells and isolated rat islets. Activated FoxO1 subsequently inhibited pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 expression and induced nuclear exclusion of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1. Knockdown of FoxO1 by RNA interference restored the expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 and prevented DEX-induced dysfunction of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in rat islets. Together, the results of present study demonstrate that FoxO1 is integrally involved in DEX-induced inhibition of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion dysfunction in pancreatic islet β-cells. Inhibition of FoxO1 can effectively protect β-cells against DEX-induced dysfunction.

scholarly journals Glucose regulates microtubule disassembly and the dose of insulin secretion via tau phosphorylation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Kung-Hsien Ho ◽  
Xiaodun Yang ◽  
Anna B. Osipovich ◽  
Over Cabrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
High Glucose ◽  
Tau Phosphorylation ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Glucose Stimulation ◽  
Microtubule Network ◽  
Mouse Islet ◽  
Protein Tau ◽  
Basal Insulin Secretion ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion

The microtubule cytoskeleton of pancreatic islet β-cells regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). We have reported that the microtubule-mediated movement of insulin vesicles away from the plasma membrane limits insulin secretion. High glucose-induced remodeling of microtubule network facilitates robust GSIS. This remodeling involves disassembly of old microtubules and nucleation of new microtubules. Here, we examine the mechanisms whereby glucose stimulation decreases microtubule lifetimes in β-cells. Using real-time imaging of photoconverted microtubules, we demonstrate that high levels of glucose induce rapid microtubule disassembly preferentially in the periphery of individual β-cells, and this process is mediated by the phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau. Specifically, high glucose induces tau hyper-phosphorylation via glucose-responsive kinases GSK3, PKA, PKC, and CDK5. This causes dissociation of tau from and subsequent destabilization of microtubules. Consequently, tau-knockdown in mouse islet β-cells facilitates microtubule turnover, causing increased basal insulin secretion, depleting insulin vesicles from the cytoplasm, and impairing GSIS. More importantly, tau-knockdown uncouples microtubule destabilization from glucose stimulation. These findings suggest that tau suppresses peripheral microtubules turning-over to restrict insulin over-secretion at basal conditions and preserve the insulin pool that can be released in following stimulation; high glucose promotes tau phosphorylation to enhance microtubule disassembly to acutely enhance GSIS.

scholarly journals Functional Reconstitution of the Insulin-Secreting Porosome Complex in Live Cells

Endocrinology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshata R. Naik ◽  
Sanjana P. Kulkarni ◽  
Kenneth T. Lewis ◽  
Douglas J. Taatjes ◽  
Bhanu P. Jena
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Min6 Cells ◽  
Cell Plasma ◽  
Elevated Glucose ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion

Abstract Supramolecular cup-shaped lipoprotein structures called porosomes embedded in the cell plasma membrane mediate fractional release of intravesicular contents from cells during secretion. The presence of porosomes, have been documented in many cell types including neurons, acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas, GH-secreting cells of the pituitary, and insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. Functional reconstitution of porosomes into artificial lipid membranes, have also been accomplished. Earlier studies on mouse insulin-secreting Min6 cells report 100-nm porosome complexes composed of nearly 30 proteins. In the current study, porosomes have been functionally reconstituted for the first time in live cells. Isolated Min6 porosomes reconstituted into live Min6 cells demonstrate augmented levels of porosome proteins and a consequent increase in the potency and efficacy of glucose-stimulated insulin release. Elevated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion 48 hours after reconstitution, reflects on the remarkable stability and viability of reconstituted porosomes, documenting the functional reconstitution of native porosomes in live cells. These results, establish a new paradigm in porosome-mediated insulin secretion in β-cells.

scholarly journals In pancreatic β-cells myosin 1b regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by modulating an early step in insulin granule trafficking from the Golgi

2021 ◽  
pp. mbc.E21-03-0094
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Tokuo ◽  
Shigeru Komaba ◽  
Lynne M. Coluccio
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cells ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Insulin Granule ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulinoma Cells

Pancreatic β-cells secrete insulin, which controls blood glucose levels, and defects in insulin secretion are responsible for diabetes mellitus. The actin cytoskeleton and some myosins support insulin granule trafficking and release, although a role for the class I myosin Myo1b, an actin- and membrane-associated load-sensitive motor, in insulin biology is unknown. We found by immunohistochemistry that Myo1b is expressed in islet cells of rat pancreas. In cultured rat insulinoma 832/13 cells Myo1b localized near actin patches, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) marker TGN38, and insulin granules in the perinuclear region. Myo1b depletion by siRNA in 832/13 cells reduced intracellular proinsulin and insulin content and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), and led to the accumulation of (pro)insulin SGs at the TGN. Using an in situ fluorescent pulse-chase strategy to track nascent proinsulin (Bearrows et al., 2019), Myo1b depletion in insulinoma cells reduced the number of (pro)insulin-containing secretory granules budding from the TGN. The studies indicate for the first time that in pancreatic β-cells Myo1b controls GSIS at least in part by mediating an early stage in insulin granule trafficking from the TGN.

scholarly journals Dopamine-Mediated Autocrine Inhibitory Circuit Regulating Human Insulin Secretion in Vitro

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1757-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Simpson ◽  
Antonella Maffei ◽  
Matthew Freeby ◽  
Steven Burroughs ◽  
Zachary Freyberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Human Islets ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Regulatory Circuit ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulin Secretion In Vitro

Abstract We describe a negative feedback autocrine regulatory circuit for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in purified human islets in vitro. Using chronoamperometry and in vitro glucose-stimulated insulin secretion measurements, evidence is provided that dopamine (DA), which is loaded into insulin-containing secretory granules by vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 in human β-cells, is released in response to glucose stimulation. DA then acts as a negative regulator of insulin secretion via its action on D2R, which are also expressed on β-cells. We found that antagonism of receptors participating in islet DA signaling generally drive increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These in vitro observations may represent correlates of the in vivo metabolic changes associated with the use of atypical antipsychotics, such as increased adiposity.

scholarly journals Delineation of glutamate pathways and secretory responses in pancreatic islets with β-cell–specific abrogation of the glutamate dehydrogenase

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (19) ◽  
pp. 3851-3862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurène Vetterli ◽  
Stefania Carobbio ◽  
Shirin Pournourmohammadi ◽  
Rafael Martin-del-Rio ◽  
Dorte M. Skytt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Glutamate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Secretory Response ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Glucose Stimulation ◽  
Knockout Mouse Model ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion ◽  
Amplifying Pathway

In pancreatic β-cells, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) modulates insulin secretion, although its function regarding specific secretagogues is unclear. This study investigated the role of GDH using a β-cell–specific GDH knockout mouse model, called βGlud1−/−. The absence of GDH in islets isolated from βGlud1–/– mice resulted in abrogation of insulin release evoked by glutamine combined with 2-aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid or l-leucine. Reintroduction of GDH in βGlud1–/– islets fully restored the secretory response. Regarding glucose stimulation, insulin secretion in islets isolated from βGlud1–/– mice exhibited half of the response measured in control islets. The amplifying pathway, tested at stimulatory glucose concentrations in the presence of KCl and diazoxide, was markedly inhibited in βGlud1–/– islets. On glucose stimulation, net synthesis of glutamate from α-ketoglutarate was impaired in GDH-deficient islets. Accordingly, glucose-induced elevation of glutamate levels observed in control islets was absent in βGlud1–/– islets. Parallel biochemical pathways, namely alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, could not compensate for the lack of GDH. However, the secretory response to glucose was fully restored by the provision of cellular glutamate when βGlud1–/– islets were exposed to dimethyl glutamate. This shows that permissive levels of glutamate are required for the full development of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and that GDH plays an indispensable role in this process.

scholarly journals SIRT6 protects against palmitate-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiwen Xiong ◽  
Xupeng Sun ◽  
Qingzhi Wang ◽  
Xinlai Qian ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cells ◽  
Glucose Stimulation ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion

Chronic exposure of pancreatic β-cells to abnormally elevated levels of free fatty acids can lead to β-cell dysfunction and even apoptosis, contributing to type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. In pancreatic β-cells, sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) has been shown to regulate insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation. However, the roles played by SIRT6 in β-cells in response to lipotoxicity remain poorly understood. Our data indicated that SIRT6 protein and mRNA levels were reduced in islets from diabetic and aged mice. High concentrations of palmitate (PA) also led to a decrease in SIRT6 expression in MIN6 β-cells and resulted in cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Knockdown of Sirt6 caused an increase in cell apoptosis and impairment in insulin secretion in response to glucose in MIN6 cells even in the absence of PA exposure. Furthermore, overexpression of SIRT6 alleviated the palmitate-induced lipotoxicity with improved cell viability and increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In summary, our data suggest that SIRT6 can protect against palmitate-induced β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis.

scholarly journals P-Rex1 Mediates Glucose-Stimulated Rac1 Activation and Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1218-1230
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Human Islets ◽  
Pi3 Kinase ◽  
Membrane Extraction ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion

Background/Aims: Despite the published evidence implicating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) in the regulation of islet function, limited information is available on the putative contributory roles of its downstream signaling steps, including the phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchange factor 1 (P-Rex1) signaling pathway in the islet β-cell. Therefore, we investigated potential roles for P-Rex1 in glucose-stimulated Rac1 activation and insulin secretion in insulin-secreting (INS-1 832/13) β-cells. Methods: Glucose-stimulated Insulin secretion (GSIS) was quantified by ELISA. Expression of endogenous P-Rex1 and RhoG was suppressed by siRNA transfection using the DharmaFect1 reagent. Total membrane and cytosolic fractions were isolated using the Mem-PER Plus Membrane Extraction Kit. The degree of activation of Rac1 was determined by the pull-down assay. Results: P-Rex1 is expressed in INS-1 832/13 cells, normal rat islets and human islets. siRNA-mediated knockdown of P-Rex1 attenuated glucose-induced Rac1 activation, membrane association and insulin secretion. RhoG, which has been implicated in PI3-kinase-mediated Rac1 activation in other cell types, appears not to contribute to GSIS since the siRNA-mediated knockdown of RhoG failed to exert significant effects on GSIS. LY294002, a known inhibitor of PI3-kinase, potentiated GSIS without affecting glucose-induced Rac1 activation. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we conclude that P-Rex1 plays a novel regulatory role in glucose-induced Rac1 activation and insulin secretion.

scholarly journals Glucagon Potentiates Insulin Secretion Via β-Cell GCGR at Physiological Concentrations of Glucose

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2495
Author(s):  
Yulin Zhang ◽  
Chengsheng Han ◽  
Wenzhen Zhu ◽  
Guoyi Yang ◽  
Xiaohong Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
High Glucose ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Glucose Stimulation ◽  
Primary Mouse ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion ◽  
Glucagon Receptors

Incretin-potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is critical to maintaining euglycemia, of which GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) on β-cells plays an indispensable role. Recently, α-cell-derived glucagon but not intestine-derived GLP-1 has been proposed as the critical hormone that potentiates GSIS via GLP-1R. However, the function of glucagon receptors (GCGR) on β-cells remains elusive. Here, using GCGR or GLP-1R antagonists, in combination with glucagon, to treat single β-cells, α-β cell clusters and isolated islets, we found that glucagon potentiates insulin secretion via β-cell GCGR at physiological but not high concentrations of glucose. Furthermore, we transfected primary mouse β-cells with RAB-ICUE (a genetically encoded cAMP fluorescence indicator) to monitor cAMP level after glucose stimulation and GCGR activation. Using specific inhibitors of different adenylyl cyclase (AC) family members, we revealed that high glucose concentration or GCGR activation independently evoked cAMP elevation via AC5 in β-cells, thus high glucose stimulation bypassed GCGR in promoting insulin secretion. Additionally, we generated β-cell-specific GCGR knockout mice which glucose intolerance was more severe when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). We further found that β-cell GCGR activation promoted GSIS more than GLP-1R in HFD, indicating the critical role of GCGR in maintaining glucose homeostasis during nutrient overload.

Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is not obligatorily linked to an increase in O2 consumption in βHC9 cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (6) ◽  
pp. E1100-E1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klearchos K. Papas ◽  
Mary Ann C. Jarema
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Nutrient Starvation ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Glucose Stimulation ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Mouse Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion

We investigated the effects of glucose on the rates of oxygen consumption (OCR) and insulin secretion (ISR) by βHC9 cells derived from mouse pancreatic islets with β-cell hyperplasia. Our results demonstrate that the OCR by βHC9 cells incubated in nutrient-rich DMEM is unaffected by glucose (0–25 mM), is dissociated from the ISR (which increases with the addition of glucose), and is always higher than that measured in PBS. Glucose (25 mM) increases both the OCR and ISR when added to nutrient-free PBS. On the basis of results presented here, we suggest that, contrary to the current consensus, the observed increases in the OCR by β-cells upon addition of glucose to nutrient-free buffers may be unrelated to the process of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and, instead, related to nutrient starvation. We believe that a reevaluation of the implication of changes in OCR upon glucose stimulation in the process of GSIS is warranted and that OCR and ISR measurements should be performed in more physiological media to avoid nutrient starvation artifacts.

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