Three-dimensional reconstruction of metabolic data from quantitative autoradiography of rat brain

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (3) ◽  
pp. E412-E419 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Hibbard ◽  
R. A. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Quantitative Autoradiography ◽  
Alignment Algorithm ◽  
Computer Methods ◽  
Mathematical Properties ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

Quantitative autoradiography is a powerful method for studying brain function by the determination of blood flow, glucose utilization, or transport of essential nutrients. Autoradiographic images contain vast amounts of potentially useful information, but conventional analyses can practically sample the data at only a small number of points arbitrarily chosen by the experimenter to represent discrete brain structures. To use image data more fully, computer methods for its acquisition, storage, quantitative analysis, and display are required. We have developed a system of computer programs that performs these tasks and has the following features: 1) editing and analysis of single images using interactive graphics, 2) an automatic image alignment algorithm that places images in register with one another using only the mathematical properties of the images themselves, 3) the calculation of mean images from equivalent images in different experimental serial image sets, 4) the calculation of difference images (e.g., experiment-minus-control) with the option to display only differences estimated to be statistically significant, and 5) the display of serial image metabolic maps reconstructed in three dimensions using a high-speed computer graphics system.

High-speed brightfield 3-D imaging and 3-D image analysis of thick and overlapped cell clusters in cytological preparations

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
Robert W. Mackin
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Array Processor ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Computer Controlled

This paper presents two advances towards the automated three-dimensional (3-D) analysis of thick and heavily-overlapped regions in cytological preparations such as cervical/vaginal smears. First, a high speed 3-D brightfield microscope has been developed, allowing the acquisition of image data at speeds approaching 30 optical slices per second. Second, algorithms have been developed to detect and segment nuclei in spite of the extremely high image variability and low contrast typical of such regions. The analysis of such regions is inherently a 3-D problem that cannot be solved reliably with conventional 2-D imaging and image analysis methods.High-Speed 3-D imaging of the specimen is accomplished by moving the specimen axially relative to the objective lens of a standard microscope (Zeiss) at a speed of 30 steps per second, where the stepsize is adjustable from 0.2 - 5μm. The specimen is mounted on a computer-controlled, piezoelectric microstage (Burleigh PZS-100, 68/μm displacement). At each step, an optical slice is acquired using a CCD camera (SONY XC-11/71 IP, Dalsa CA-D1-0256, and CA-D2-0512 have been used) connected to a 4-node array processor system based on the Intel i860 chip.

scholarly journals Approaches to three-dimensional reconstruction of plant shoot topology and geometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon A. Gibbs ◽  
Michael Pound ◽  
Andrew P. French ◽  
Darren M. Wells ◽  
Erik Murchie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Climate Adaption ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability ◽  
Plant Shoots ◽  
Severe Flooding

There are currently 805 million people classified as chronically undernourished, and yet the World’s population is still increasing. At the same time, global warming is causing more frequent and severe flooding and drought, thus destroying crops and reducing the amount of land available for agriculture. Recent studies show that without crop climate adaption, crop productivity will deteriorate. With access to 3D models of real plants it is possible to acquire detailed morphological and gross developmental data that can be used to study their ecophysiology, leading to an increase in crop yield and stability across hostile and changing environments. Here we review approaches to the reconstruction of 3D models of plant shoots from image data, consider current applications in plant and crop science, and identify remaining challenges. We conclude that although phenotyping is receiving an increasing amount of attention – particularly from computer vision researchers – and numerous vision approaches have been proposed, it still remains a highly interactive process. An automated system capable of producing 3D models of plants would significantly aid phenotyping practice, increasing accuracy and repeatability of measurements.

scholarly journals Visual Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Aortic Dissection Based on Medical CT Images

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojie Duan ◽  
Dandan Chen ◽  
Jianming Wang ◽  
Meichen Shi ◽  
Qingliang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Dissection ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Hessian Matrix ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Ray Casting ◽  
Initial Shape ◽  
Spatial Continuity ◽  
Training Samples ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

With the rapid development of CT technology, especially the higher resolution of CT machine and a sharp increase in the amount of slices, to extract and three-dimensionally display aortic dissection from the huge medical image data became a challenging task. In this paper, active shape model combined with spatial continuity was adopted to realize automatic reconstruction of aortic dissection. First, we marked aortic feature points from big data sample library and registered training samples to build a statistical model. Meanwhile, gray vectors were sampled by utilizing square matrix, which set the landmarks as the center. Posture parameters of the initial shape were automatically adjusted by the method of spatial continuity between CT sequences. The contrast experiment proved that the proposed algorithm could realize accurate aorta segmentation without selecting the interested region, and it had higher accuracy than GVF snake algorithm (93.29% versus 87.54% on aortic arch, 94.30% versus 89.25% on descending aorta). Aortic dissection membrane was extracted via Hessian matrix and Bayesian theory. Finally, the three-dimensional visualization of the aortic dissection was completed by volume rendering based on the ray casting method to assist the doctors in clinical diagnosis, which contributed to improving the success rate of the operations.

scholarly journals Vortex flow and cavitation in diesel injector nozzles

2008 ◽  
Vol 610 ◽  
pp. 195-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ANDRIOTIS ◽  
M. GAVAISES ◽  
C. ARCOUMANIS
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Flowing Liquid ◽  
Injection Quantity ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Real Size

Flow visualization as well as three-dimensional cavitating flow simulations have been employed for characterizing the formation of cavitation inside transparent replicas of fuel injector valves used in low-speed two-stroke diesel engines. The designs tested have incorporated five-hole nozzles with cylindrical as well as tapered holes operating at different fixed needle lift positions. High-speed images have revealed the formation of an unsteady vapour structure upstream of the injection holes inside the nozzle volume, which is referred to as ‘string-cavitation’. Computation of the flow distribution and combination with three-dimensional reconstruction of the location of the strings inside the nozzle volume has revealed that strings are found at the core of recirculation zones; they originate either from pre-existing cavitation sites forming at sharp corners inside the nozzle where the pressure falls below the vapour pressure of the flowing liquid, or even from suction of outside air downstream of the hole exit. Processing of the acquired images has allowed estimation of the mean location and probability of appearance of the cavitating strings in the three-dimensional space as a function of needle lift, cavitation and Reynolds number. The frequency of appearance of the strings has been correlated with the Strouhal number of the vortices developing inside the sac volume; the latter has been found to be a function of needle lift and hole shape. The presence of strings has significantly affected the flow conditions at the nozzle exit, influencing the injected spray. The cavitation structures formed inside the injection holes are significantly altered by the presence of cavitation strings and are jointly responsible for up to 10% variation in the instantaneous fuel injection quantity. Extrapolation using model predictions for real-size injectors operating at realistic injection pressures indicates that cavitation strings are expected to appear within the time scales of typical injection events, implying significant hole-to-hole and cycle-to-cycle variations during the corresponding spray development.

Three Dimensional Imaging of LIGA-Made Microcomponents

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Chinn ◽  
Peter Ostendorp ◽  
Mike Haugh ◽  
Russell Kershmann ◽  
Thomas Kurfess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Cad Model ◽  
Volumetric Imaging ◽  
Data Registration ◽  
Liga Technology ◽  
Coordinate Metrology

Nickel and nickel-alloy microparts sized on the order of 5–1000 microns have been imaged in three dimensions using a new microscopic technique, Digital Volumetric Imaging (DVI). The gears were fabricated using Sandia National Laboratories’ LIGA technology (lithography, molding, and electroplating). The images were taken on a microscope built by Resolution Sciences Corporation by slicing the gear into one-micron thin slices, photographing each slice, and then reconstructing the image with software. The images were matched to the original CAD (computer aided design) model, allowing LIGA designers, for the first time, to see visually how much deviation from the design is induced by the manufacturing process. Calibration was done by imaging brass ball bearings and matching them to the CAD model of a sphere. A major advantage of DVI over scanning techniques is that internal defects can be imaged to very high resolution. In order to perform the metrology operations on the microcomponents, high-speed and high-precision algorithms are developed for coordinate metrology. The algorithms are based on a least-squares approach to data registration the {X,Y,Z} point clouds generated from the component surface onto a target geometry defined in a CAD model. Both primitive geometric element analyses as well as an overall comparison of the part geometry are discussed. Initial results of the micromeasurements are presented in the paper.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional reconstruction of the fast-start swimming kinematics of densely schooling fish

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (66) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachit Butail ◽  
Derek A. Paley
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Elliptical Cross ◽  
Fish School ◽  
Schooling Fish ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Fast Start

Information transmission via non-verbal cues such as a fright response can be quantified in a fish school by reconstructing individual fish motion in three dimensions. In this paper, we describe an automated tracking framework to reconstruct the full-body trajectories of densely schooling fish using two-dimensional silhouettes in multiple cameras. We model the shape of each fish as a series of elliptical cross sections along a flexible midline. We estimate the size of each ellipse using an iterated extended Kalman filter. The shape model is used in a model-based tracking framework in which simulated annealing is applied at each step to estimate the midline. Results are presented for eight fish with occlusions. The tracking system is currently being used to investigate fast-start behaviour of schooling fish in response to looming stimuli.

scholarly journals A platform for brain-wide imaging and reconstruction of individual neurons

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael N Economo ◽  
Nathan G Clack ◽  
Luke D Lavis ◽  
Charles R Gerfen ◽  
Karel Svoboda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Computational Tools ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Axonal Arbors

The structure of axonal arbors controls how signals from individual neurons are routed within the mammalian brain. However, the arbors of very few long-range projection neurons have been reconstructed in their entirety, as axons with diameters as small as 100 nm arborize in target regions dispersed over many millimeters of tissue. We introduce a platform for high-resolution, three-dimensional fluorescence imaging of complete tissue volumes that enables the visualization and reconstruction of long-range axonal arbors. This platform relies on a high-speed two-photon microscope integrated with a tissue vibratome and a suite of computational tools for large-scale image data. We demonstrate the power of this approach by reconstructing the axonal arbors of multiple neurons in the motor cortex across a single mouse brain.

Measuring the angle of attack of beating insect wings: robust three-dimensional reconstruction from two-dimensional images

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (21) ◽  
pp. 2693-2704 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Willmott ◽  
C Ellington
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Angle Of Attack ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Wing Motion ◽  
Insect Wings ◽  
High Speed Film ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Left And Right

A robust technique for determining the angle of attack of insect wings from film of free flight has to date proved elusive. This report describes the development of two new methods ­ the Strips and Planes techniques ­ which were designed to overcome some of the limitations experienced in previous studies. The accuracy and robustness of these novel methods were tested extensively using simulated hawkmoth wing outlines generated for a realistic range of wing positions and torsion. The results were compared with those from two existing methods ­ the Symmetry and Landmarks procedures. The performance of the latter technique will be strongly species-dependent; it could not be successfully applied to hawkmoth flight because of practical difficulties in obtaining suitable landmarks. The Planes method was the least successful of the remaining techniques, especially during those phases of the wingbeat when the orientations of the two wings relative to the camera viewpoint were similar. The Symmetry and Strips methods were tested further to investigate the effects on their performance of introducing additional camber or wing motion asymmetry. The results showed clearly that the Strips method should be the technique of choice wherever the axis of wing torsion is close to the longitudinal axis of the wing. The procedure involves the experimenter matching a model wing divided into chordwise strips to the true wing outline digitized from high-speed film. The use of strips rather than the points digitized in previous studies meant that the analysis required only one wing outline to be digitized. Symmetry of motion between the left and right wings is not assumed. The implications of requiring human input to the Strips method, as opposed to the strictly numerical algorithms of the alternative techniques, are discussed. It is argued that the added flexibility that this provides in dealing with images which have typically been recorded in suboptimal conditions outweighs the introduction of an element of subjectivity. Additional observations arising from the use of the Strips analysis with high-speed video sequences of hawkmoth flight are given.

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