scholarly journals Lipopolysaccharides transport during fat absorption in rodent small intestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (6) ◽  
pp. G1070-G1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutada Akiba ◽  
Koji Maruta ◽  
Takeshi Takajo ◽  
Kazuyuki Narimatsu ◽  
Hyder Said ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Lipid Rafts ◽  
Paracellular Transport ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Fat Absorption ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide

We report direct in vivo confirmation of transcellular lipopolysaccharides (LPS) uptake from the intestine into the portal vein (PV) involving CD36 and lipid rafts, with minor uptake via the canonical chylomicron pathway. The gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) inhibited uptake into the PV. These data suggest that the bulk of LPS absorption is via the PV to the liver, helping clarify the mechanism of LPS transport into the PV as part of the “gut-liver” axis. These data do not support the paracellular transport of LPS, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the “leaky gut” syndrome.

Oral intake of slowly digestible α-glucan, isomaltodextrin, stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in the small intestine of rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-626
Author(s):  
Yoshihiko Komuro ◽  
Takashi Kondo ◽  
Shingo Hino ◽  
Tatsuya Morita ◽  
Naomichi Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Rat Small Intestine ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

AbstractTo investigate whether oral intake of highly branched α-glucan isomaltodextrin (IMD) could stimulate ileal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, we examined (1) the digestibility of IMD, (2) the digestion and absorption rates of IMD, in rat small intestine and (3) portal GLP-1 concentration in rats given IMD. In Expt 1, ileorectostomised rats were given a 3 % IMD diet for 10 d. Separately, a 16-h in vitro digestion of IMD, using porcine pancreatic α-amylase and brush-border membrane vesicles from rat small intestine, was conducted. In Expt 2, upon 24-h fasting, rats were given any of glucose, IMD and high-amylose maize starch (HAMS) (1 g/kg of body weight). In Expt 3, caecectomised rats were given 0·2 % neomycin sulphate and a 5 % IMD diet for 10 d. The in vivo and in vitro digestibility of IMD was 70–80 %. The fraction of IMD digested in vitro for the first 120 min was 67 % of that in maize starch. The AUC for 0–120 min of plasma glucose concentration was significantly lower in HAMS group and tended to be lower in IMD group than in the glucose group. Finally, we also observed that, when compared with control rats, glucose of IMD significantly stimulated and improved the concentration of portal active GLP-1 in antibiotic-administered, caecectomised rats. We concluded that IMD was slowly digested and the resulting glucose stimulated GLP-1 secretion in rat small intestine. Oral delivery of slowly released IMD glucose to the small intestine probably exerts important, yet unknown, physiological effects on the recipient.

COMPARISON OF THE METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE AND TESTOSTERONE IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL WALL OF THE RAT IN VITRO AND IN VIVO

1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Geelen ◽  
A. Coert ◽  
R. Meijer ◽  
J. van der Vies
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Great Similarity ◽  
Testosterone Undecanoate ◽  
Different Parts

ABSTRACT The metabolism of testosterone undecanoate (TU) and testosterone (T) is studied in the gastrointestinal wall of the rat in vitro. A comparison is made with the in vivo metabolism of these compounds in the rat. The major metabolite first appearing during incubation of TU with the small intestine is T. Incubation of TU or T with the small intestine reveals a great similarity between the metabolite patterns obtained. This is also the case with the patterns derived from portal vein plasma upon oral administration of TU and T. Incubation of different parts of the gastrointestinal tract with TU or T shows that the greatest metabolic activity is located in the wall of the small intestine. Unlike T, TU is metabolized only to a small extent in the wall of the stomach and the large intestine.

Glucagon-like peptide-2 acutely increases proximal small intestinal blood flow in TPN-fed neonatal piglets

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. R283-R289 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Stephens ◽  
Barbara Stoll ◽  
Jeremy Cottrell ◽  
Xiaoyan Chang ◽  
Michael Helmrath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Mucosal Blood Flow ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Venous Blood Flow ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Small Intestinal

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a gut hormone that is secreted in response to enteral feeding and stimulates small intestinal mucosal growth. We have previously shown that GLP-2 infusion acutely increases portal venous blood flow in TPN-fed piglets. The aim of this study was to localize the vasoactive effect of GLP-2 within the gastrointestinal tissues and other visceral organs in TPN-fed piglets. Tissue blood flow rates were quantified using fluorescent microsphere deposition in anesthetized TPN-fed piglets given intravenous infusion of GLP-2 at either 500 pmol·kg−1·h−1 (low GLP-2, n = 7 pigs) or 2,000 pmol·kg−1·h−1 (high GLP-2, n = 8 pigs) for 2 h. Compared with baseline, the low and the high GLP-2 treatment significantly increased the blood flow rate in the duodenum (+77%) and jejunum (+40% and 80%), respectively, but blood flow to the distal small intestine and colon (−15%) was unchanged or slightly decreased. Baseline mucosal blood flow was five-fold higher than serosal blood flow; however, high GLP-2 treatment increased serosal (+140%) to a larger degree than mucosal blood flow (+73%). The high GLP-2 dose increased pancreatic flow (+34%) but decreased blood flow in the kidneys (−14%) and stomach (−12%), whereas the spleen and brain were unaffected. These findings suggest that the acute GLP-2-mediated stimulation of portal blood flow in TPN-fed piglets occurs principally via increased blood flow through the superior mesenteric artery to the proximal small intestine, a tissue region where the GLP-2R mRNA abundance and trophic GLP-2 effects are greatest.

scholarly journals Quantitative aspects of intestinal fat absorption in young pigs

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Freeman ◽  
D. E. Noakes ◽  
E. F. Annison ◽  
K. J. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Micellar Solutions ◽  
Fat Absorption ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Intestinal Fat Absorption

1. The uptake of lipid by the small intestine of the pig was examined by the perfusion of a segment of the jejunum with radioactively labelled lipid in vivo. The rate at which lipid was presented to the small intestine under specific dietary regimes was also examined by means of re-entrant fistulas in the duodenum and jejunum.2. The capacity of the small intestine to absorb micellar lipid, prepared in vitro or isolated from intestinal contents, was much in excess of the normal rate of flow of fat into the small intestine.3. There was little uptake of lipid when emulsions of oleic acid were examined, suggesting that the absorption of particulate fat is probably of little importance in pigs.4.No specificity in the removal of fatty acids from their mixed micellar solutions was observed.

The regulation of the lymphatic secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by intestinal absorption of fat and carbohydrate

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (5) ◽  
pp. G963-G971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell J. Lu ◽  
Qing Yang ◽  
William Sun ◽  
Stephen C. Woods ◽  
David D'Alessio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Intraduodenal Infusion ◽  
Intestinal Lymph ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
High Concentrations

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an important incretin produced in the L cells of the intestine. It is essential in the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. Systemic GLP-1 concentrations are typically low in rodents, so it can be difficult to assay physiological levels or detect changes in response to nutrients. We have established a method of assaying GLP-1 in response to nutrients using the intestinal lymph fistula model. Intraduodenal infusion of Intralipid (4.43 kcal/3 ml) induced a significant increase of lymphatic GLP-1 concentration compared with saline control at the peak of 30 min. ( P < 0.001). Isocaloric and isovolumetric treatment with dextrin, a glucose polymer, also caused a significant fourfold increase in peak concentration at 60 min ( P = 0.001). These findings indicate that intestinal lymph contains high concentrations of postprandial GLP-1. Second, they reveal that GLP-1 secretion into lymph occurs in response to both enteral carbohydrate and fat, but the response to dextrin occurs later than to Intralipid with peak times at 60 and 30 min, respectively. Third, the combination of Intralipid plus dextrin demonstrated an additive effect in the stimulation of GLP-1 with peak at 30 min. These results indicate that assessment of levels in lymph is a novel and powerful means of studying the secretion of GLP-1 and potentially other gastrointestinal hormones in vivo. Furthermore, the lymph fistula rat model provides insight into the gut hormone concentrations to which the neurons and cells in the lamina propria of the gut are likely exposed.

scholarly journals Expression of serotonin, somatostatin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) in the intestinal neuroendocrine cells of pigs fed with population rye type and hybrid rye type grains

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (05) ◽  
pp. 6251-2019
Author(s):  
ANNA ZACHARKO-SIEMBIDA ◽  
MARCIN B. ARCISZEWSKI ◽  
JOSE LUIS VALVERDE PIEDRA ◽  
EWA TOMASZEWSKA ◽  
SYLWIA SZYMAŃCZYK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Hormone Balance ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Hybrid Rye ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
A Minor

Neuroendocrine cells (NEC) are a cell population in the gastrointestinal tract that plays a role in the regulation of the digestion process, satiety and nutrient homeostasis. NE cells express a variety of bioactive hormones that can undergo changes in response to different luminal stimuli, including multiple components, which are present in the diet. In recent years, a modern (hybrid) type of rye grain has been introduced to feed industry. The goal of the present study was to determine immunohistochemically whether the feeding of the pigs with population and hybrid rye grains may evoke adverse changes in the small and large intestines in terms of the expression of serotonin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) and somatostatin. Feeding animals with population and hybrid rye grains resulted in a slight increase in serotonin-positive NE cells in the small intestine (but not in the large intestine). After feeding animals with population rye (but not with hybrid rye) grains, there was a decrease in the small intestine GLP1-immunoreactive NE cells was found. No changes in the expression of GLP1 were found in the large intestine of experimental animals. The numbers of somatostatin-IR NEC in the small and large intestines were not affected by feeding with either population or hybrid rye grains. In conclusion, we found that feeding pigs with hybrid and population rye grains started adaptive changes in NEC. However, those changes were not profound, which allows us to speculate that adverse effects of these rye grains have a minor (if any) impact on the gut hormone balance (and indirectly on the health status) of animals.

Autologous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells into the portal vein of the miniature pig; a preliminary experiment for NOTES approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 350-355
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Liver Parenchyma ◽  
Miniature Pig ◽  
Hepatic Diseases ◽  
Study Results

Introduction: There is evidence that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could trans-differentiate into the liver cells in vitro and in vivo and thus may be used as an unfailing source for stem cell therapy of liver disease. Combination of MSCs (with or without their differentiation in vitro) and minimally invasive procedures as laparoscopy or Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) represents a chance for many patients waiting for liver transplantation in vain. Methods: Over 30 millions of autologous MSCs at passage 3 were transplanted via the portal vein in an eight months old miniature pig. The deposition of transplanted cells in liver parenchyma was evaluated histologically and the trans-differential potential of CM-DiI labeled cells was assessed by expression of pig albumin using immunofluorescence. Results: Three weeks after transplantation we detected the labeled cells (solitary, small clusters) in all 10 samples (2 samples from each lobe) but no diffuse distribution in the samples. The localization of CM-DiI+ cells was predominantly observed around the portal triads. We also detected the localization of albumin signal in CM-DiI labeled cells. Conclusion: The study results showed that the autologous MSCs (without additional hepatic differentiation in vitro) transplantation through the portal vein led to successful infiltration of intact miniature pig liver parenchyma with detectable in vivo trans-differentiation. NOTES as well as other newly developed surgical approaches in combination with cell therapy seem to be very promising for the treatment of hepatic diseases in near future.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial transcription factor A in RORγt+ lymphocytes regulate small intestine homeostasis and metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Fu ◽  
Joseph W. Dean ◽  
Lifeng Xiong ◽  
Michael W. Dougherty ◽  
Kristen N. Oliff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Tissue Remodeling ◽  
Mitochondrial Transcription ◽  
Mitochondrial Transcription Factor ◽  
Tuft Cell ◽  
Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A

AbstractRORγt+ lymphocytes, including interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing gamma delta T (γδT17) cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), are important immune regulators. Compared to Th17 cells and ILC3s, γδT17 cell metabolism and its role in tissue homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the tissue milieu shapes splenic and intestinal γδT17 cell gene signatures. Conditional deletion of mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in RORγt+ lymphocytes significantly affects systemic γδT17 cell maintenance and reduces ILC3s without affecting Th17 cells in the gut. In vivo deletion of Tfam in RORγt+ lymphocytes, especially in γδT17 cells, results in small intestine tissue remodeling and increases small intestine length by enhancing the type 2 immune responses in mice. Moreover, these mice show dysregulation of the small intestine transcriptome and metabolism with less body weight but enhanced anti-helminth immunity. IL-22, a cytokine produced by RORγt+ lymphocytes inhibits IL-13-induced tuft cell differentiation in vitro, and suppresses the tuft cell-type 2 immune circuit and small intestine lengthening in vivo, highlighting its key role in gut tissue remodeling.

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