Regulation of Intestinal Phosphate Transport I. Segmental expression and adaptation to low-Pi diet of the type IIb Na+-Pi cotransporter in mouse small intestine

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (3) ◽  
pp. G496-G500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Radanovic ◽  
Carsten A. Wagner ◽  
Heini Murer ◽  
Jürg Biber
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Phosphate Transport ◽  
Entire Small Intestine ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Minimal Importance ◽  
Dependent Pathway ◽  
Small Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Segmental Expression

The Na+-Pi cotransporter NaPi-IIb (SLC34A2) has been described to be involved in mouse small intestinal absorption of Pi and to be regulated by a number of hormones and metabolic factors. However, a possible segmental expression of NaPi-llb in small intestine has not been addressed so far. Here, we describe that the NaPi-IIb cotransporter is highly abundant in the ileum of mouse small intestine, whereas it is almost absent in the duodenum and in the jejunum. Na+-Pi cotransport studies with isolated brush border membranes confirmed that NaPi-IIb cotransport is highest in the ileum. Upregulation by a low-phosphate diet of NaPi-IIb and NaPi-IIb cotransport was observed both in the jejunum and the ileum. Furthermore, evidence is provided that a low-phosphate diet provokes an increase of the NaPi-IIb mRNA abundance along the entire small intestine. These data suggest that in mouse small intestine, phosphate is absorbed transcellulary by an Na+-dependent pathway in the ileum, whereas in the duodenum and jejunum, this pathway is of minimal importance. Furthermore, we conclude that along the entire mouse small intestine, low-phosphate diet affects transcription and/or the stability of NaPi-IIb mRNA.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PANCREATIC AMYLASE AND INTESTINAL MALTASE OF THE CHICK

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 2107-2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Laws ◽  
J. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Pancreatic Amylase ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Mucosal Cells ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The digestive enzymes amylase and maltase were studied in acetone-dried powders or homogenates of the pancreatic and small intestinal tissues and small intestinal contents obtained from chicks of various ages. The stability of pancreatic amylase, which was relatively low in 0.15 M sodium chloride, was increased markedly by the presence of 0.02 M barbiturate buffer. The pH optimum of pancreatic amylase (chloride-activated) was 7.0 whereas that of intestinal maltase was 6.9. High levels of pancreatic amylase activity were found in the newly-hatched chick but these levels decreased during the following 20 days and then remained constant. The contrast between the high amylase and low maltase activities in the contents of the small intestine suggested that molecules of maltose, formed by the hydrolysis of starch, were absorbed as such by the mucosal cells. It appeared that maltose could be absorbed with equal facility from all sections of the small intestine of the 10-day-old chick but in the older birds maltose absorption seemed to occur more readily from the upper small intestine than from the duodenum and lower small intestine. A modified method for the determination of maltase activity is described.

scholarly journals Neural motor complexes propagate continuously along the full length of mouse small intestine and colon

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. G99-G108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Costa ◽  
Timothy James Hibberd ◽  
Lauren J. Keightley ◽  
Lukasz Wiklendt ◽  
John W. Arkwright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Propagating Waves ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

Cyclical propagating waves of muscle contraction have been recorded in isolated small intestine or colon, referred to here as motor complexes (MCs). Small intestinal and colonic MCs are neurogenic, occur at similar frequencies, and propagate orally or aborally. Whether they can be coordinated between the different gut regions is unclear. Motor behavior of whole length mouse intestines, from duodenum to terminal rectum, was recorded by intraluminal multisensor catheter. Small intestinal MCs were recorded in 27/30 preparations, and colonic MCs were recorded in all preparations ( n = 30) with similar frequencies (0.54 ± 0.03 and 0.58 ± 0.02 counts/min, respectively). MCs propagated across the ileo-colonic junction in 10/30 preparations, forming “full intestine” MCs. The cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine increased the probability of a full intestine MC but had no significant effect on frequency, speed, or direction. Nitric oxide synthesis blockade by Nω-nitro-l-arginine, after physostigmine, increased MC frequency in small intestine only. Hyoscine-resistant MCs were recorded in the colon but not small intestine ( n = 5). All MCs were abolished by hexamethonium ( n = 18) or tetrodotoxin ( n = 2). The enteric neural mechanism required for motor complexes is present along the full length of both the small and large intestine. In some cases, colonic MCs can be initiated in the distal colon and propagate through the ileo-colonic junction, all the way to duodenum. In conclusion, the ileo-colonic junction provides functional neural continuity for propagating motor activity that originates in the small or large intestine. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intraluminal manometric recordings revealed motor complexes can propagate antegradely or retrogradely across the ileo-colonic junction, spanning the entire small and large intestines. The fundamental enteric neural mechanism(s) underlying cyclic motor complexes exists throughout the length of the small and large intestine.

scholarly journals Comparison between Cultured Small-Intestinal and Fecal Microbiotas in Beagle Dogs

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 4169-4175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silja Mentula ◽  
Jaana Harmoinen ◽  
Matti Heikkilä ◽  
Elias Westermarck ◽  
Merja Rautio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Microbial Groups ◽  
Bacterial Groups

ABSTRACT The microbiota of the small intestine is poorly known because of difficulties in sampling. In this study, we examined whether the organisms cultured from the jejunum and feces resemble each other. Small-intestinal fluid samples were collected from 22 beagle dogs with a permanent jejunal fistula in parallel with fecal samples. In addition, corresponding samples from seven of the dogs were collected during a 4-week period (days 4, 10, 14, and 28) to examine the stability of the microbiota. In the jejunal samples, aerobic/facultative and anaerobic bacteria were equally represented, whereas anaerobes dominated in the fecal samples. Despite lower numbers of bacteria in the jejunum (range, 102 to 106 CFU/g) than in feces (range, 108 to 1011 CFU/g), some microbial groups were more prevalent in the small intestine: staphylococci, 64% versus 36%; nonfermentative gram-negative rods, 27% versus 9%; and yeasts, 27% versus 5%, respectively. In contrast, part of the fecal dominant microbiota (bile-resistant Bacteroides spp., Clostridium hiranonis-like organisms, and lactobacilli) was practically absent in the jejunum. Many species were seldom isolated simultaneously from both sample types, regardless of their overall prevalence. In conclusion, the small intestine contains a few bacterial species at a time with vastly fluctuating counts, opposite to the results obtained for the colon, where the major bacterial groups remain relatively constant over time. Qualitative and quantitative differences between the corresponding jejunal and fecal samples indicate the inability of fecal samples to represent the microbiotas present in the upper gut.

scholarly journals Chlamydia Deficient in Plasmid-Encoded pGP3 Is Prevented from Spreading to Large Intestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Huo ◽  
Conghui He ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Tianjun Jia ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Oral Inoculation ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Gastric Barrier ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Do So ◽  
Live Organism

ABSTRACT The cryptic plasmid pCM is critical for chlamydial colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, orally inoculated plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. was still able to colonize the gut. Surprisingly, orally inoculated Chlamydia sp. deficient in only plasmid-encoded pGP3 was no longer able to colonize the gut. A comparison of live organism recoveries from individual gastrointestinal tissues revealed that pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. survived significantly better than plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. in small intestinal tissues. However, the small intestinal pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. failed to reach the large intestine, explaining the lack of live pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. in rectal swabs following an oral inoculation. Interestingly, pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. was able to colonize the colon following an intracolon inoculation, suggesting that pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. might be prevented from spreading from the small intestine to the large intestine. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that following an intrajejunal inoculation that bypasses the gastric barrier, pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. still failed to reach the large intestine, although similarly inoculated plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. was able to do so. Interestingly, when both types of organisms were intrajejunally coinoculated into the same mouse small intestine, plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. was no longer able to spread to the large intestine, suggesting that pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. might be able to activate an intestinal resistance for regulating Chlamydia sp. spreading. Thus, the current study has not only provided evidence for reconciling a previously identified conflicting phenotype but also revealed a potential intestinal resistance to chlamydial spreading. Efforts are under way to further define the mechanism of the putative intestinal resistance.

scholarly journals A New Method of Enteroscopy–The Double-Balloon Method

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironori Yamamoto ◽  
Kentaro Sugano
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Double Balloon Enteroscopy ◽  
Push Enteroscopy ◽  
Endoscopic Techniques ◽  
Double Balloon ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Entire Small Intestine ◽  
Open Laparotomy ◽  
Small Intestinal

The diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the small intestine have been impeded by difficult technical challenges. Traditionally, endoscopic evaluation of this organ has required open laparotomy with the surgically assisted passage of the scope through the intestine. Nonsurgical endoscopic techniques have been developed, including push enteroscopy, passage of a scope over a guide-string, and a method that depends on peristalsis to advance the instrument, but each of these is subject to severe limitations. A novel procedure has been devised, whereby an endoscope and a soft flexible overtube, each of which has an inflatable balloon attached to its distal end, are employed together. The technique is described in detail in the present article. Double-balloon enteroscopy allows visualization of the entire small intestine, to and fro examination of an area of interest, and the taking of biopsy specimens in a manner that is safer, quicker and less painful than previous techniques. It constitutes an important advance in the diagnosis and management of bleeding and other small intestinal disorders.

Caveolin-1 knockout alters β-adrenoceptors function in mouse small intestine

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (6) ◽  
pp. G1020-G1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed F. El-Yazbi ◽  
Woo Jung Cho ◽  
Richard Schulz ◽  
Edwin E. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Caveolin 1 ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Paralysis ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
The Right ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Brl 37344 ◽  
Concentration Response Curve

β-Adrenoceptors are G protein-coupled receptors whose functions are closely associated with caveolae in the heart and cultured cell lines. In the gut, they are responsible, at least in part, for the mediation of the sympathetic stimulation that might lead to intestinal paralysis postoperatively. We examined the effect of caveolin-1 knockout on the β-adrenoceptor response in mouse small intestine. The relaxation response to (−)-isoprenaline in carbachol-contracted small intestinal tissue segments was reduced in caveolin-1 knockout mice (cav1−/−) compared with their genetic controls (cav1+/+). Immunohistochemical staining showed that β-adrenoceptor expression was similar in both strains in gut smooth muscle. Selective β-adrenoceptor blockers shifted the concentration response curve (CRC) of (−)-isoprenaline to the right in cav1+/+ intestine, but not in cav1−/−, with greatest shift in case of the β3-blocker, SR59230A. The CRC of the selective β3-agonist BRL 37344 was also shifted to the right in cav1−/− compared with cav1+/+. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor H-89 shifted the CRC of (−)-isoprenaline to the right in cav1+/+ but not in cav1−/−. H-89 reduced the relaxation due to forskolin and dibutyryl cAMP in cav1+/+ but not in cav1−/−, suggesting a reduction in PKA activity in cav1−/−. In cav1+/+, PKA was colocalized with caveolin-1 in the cell membrane, but PKA immunoreactivity persisted in cav1−/−. Examination of PKA expression in the lipid raft-rich membrane fraction of the jejunum revealed reduced PKA expression in cav1−/− compared with cav1+/+. The results of the present study show that the function of β-adrenoceptors is reduced in cav1−/− small intestine likely owing to reduced PKA activity.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PANCREATIC AMYLASE AND INTESTINAL MALTASE OF THE CHICK

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2107-2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Laws ◽  
J. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Pancreatic Amylase ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Mucosal Cells ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The digestive enzymes amylase and maltase were studied in acetone-dried powders or homogenates of the pancreatic and small intestinal tissues and small intestinal contents obtained from chicks of various ages. The stability of pancreatic amylase, which was relatively low in 0.15 M sodium chloride, was increased markedly by the presence of 0.02 M barbiturate buffer. The pH optimum of pancreatic amylase (chloride-activated) was 7.0 whereas that of intestinal maltase was 6.9. High levels of pancreatic amylase activity were found in the newly-hatched chick but these levels decreased during the following 20 days and then remained constant. The contrast between the high amylase and low maltase activities in the contents of the small intestine suggested that molecules of maltose, formed by the hydrolysis of starch, were absorbed as such by the mucosal cells. It appeared that maltose could be absorbed with equal facility from all sections of the small intestine of the 10-day-old chick but in the older birds maltose absorption seemed to occur more readily from the upper small intestine than from the duodenum and lower small intestine. A modified method for the determination of maltase activity is described.

Cellular cross talk in the small intestinal mucosa: postnatal lymphocytic immigration elicits a specific epithelial transcriptional response

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (6) ◽  
pp. G1335-G1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrine T.-B. G. Schjoldager ◽  
Henrik R. Maltesen ◽  
Sophie Balmer ◽  
Leif R. Lund ◽  
Mogens H. Claesson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dna Microarray ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Latent Structures

During the early postnatal period lymphocytes migrate into the mouse small intestine. Migrating infiltrative lymphocytes have the potential to affect the epithelial cells via secreted cytokines. Such cross talk can result in the elicitation of an epithelial transcriptional response. Knowledge about such physiological cross talk between the immune system and the epithelium in the postnatal small intestinal mucosa is lacking. We have investigated the transcriptome changes occurring in the postnatal mouse small intestine using DNA microarray technology, immunocytochemistry, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. The DNA microarray data were analyzed bioinformatically by using a combination of projections to latent structures analysis and functional annotation analysis. The results show that infiltrating lymphocytes appear in the mouse small intestine in the late postweaning period and give rise to distinct changes in the epithelial transcriptome. Of particular interest is the expression of three genes encoding a mucin ( Muc4), a mucinlike protein ( 16000D21Rik), and ATP citrate lyase (Acly). All three genes were shown to be expressed by the epithelium and to be upregulated in response to lymphocytic migration into the small intestinal mucosa.

scholarly journals Ginger Extract and [6]-Gingerol Inhibit Contraction of Rat Entire Small Intestine

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 2515690X1877427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usana Chatturong ◽  
Tanwarat Kajsongkram ◽  
Sakara Tunsophon ◽  
Rachanee Chanasong ◽  
Krongkarn Chootip
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Ginger Extract ◽  
Entire Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Small Intestinal

This study aims to investigate the effect of oral administration and the direct action of ginger extract or [6]-gingerol on small intestinal contractility. The direct effect of 10 minutes preincubation of ginger ethanolic extract (10, 100 and 300 μg/mL) or [6]-gingerol (1, 30, and 100 μM) on 0.01 to 30 μM ACh-induced contractions of all parts of the small intestine isolated from normal rats was investigated using the organ bath technique. For in vivo study, the rats were orally administered with extract (10, 20, and 100 mg/kg/d) or [6]-gingerol (2 mg/kg/d) for 7 days, followed by determining the contractile responses to ACh of rat isolated duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and their histology were assessed. Direct application of the extract or [6]-gingerol attenuated ACh-induced contractions in each small intestinal segment, Emax was reduced by 40% to 80%, while EC50 increased 3- to 8-fold from control. Similarly, in the in vivo study ACh-induced contractions were reduced in all parts of the small intestine isolated from rats orally treated with ginger extract (20 and 100 mg/kg/d) or [6]-gingerol (2 mg/kg/d). Emax decreased 15% to 30%, while EC50 increased 1- to 3-fold compared to control. No discernable changes in the histology of intestinal segments were detectable. Thus, the results support the clinical application of ginger for disorders of gastrointestinal motility.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document