Role of vagus nerve in postprandial antropyloric coordination in conscious dogs

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (3) ◽  
pp. G487-G495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomio Ueno ◽  
Kenichiro Uemura ◽  
Mary B. Harris ◽  
Theodore N. Pappas ◽  
Toku Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Liquid Meal ◽  
Vagal Blockade

It is generally believed that gastric emptying of solids is regulated by a coordinated motor pattern between the antrum and pylorus. We studied the role of the vagus nerve in mediating postprandial coordination between the antrum and pylorus. Force transducers were implanted on the serosal surface of the body, antrum, pylorus, and duodenum in seven dogs. Dogs were given either a solid or a liquid meal, and gastroduodenal motility was recorded over 10 h. Gastric emptying was evaluated with radiopaque markers mixed with a solid meal. Dogs were treated with hexamethonium, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), or transient vagal nerve blockade by cooling. A postprandial motility pattern showed three distinct phases: early, intermediate, and late. In the late phase, profound pyloric relaxations predominantly synchronized with giant antral contractions that were defined as postprandial antropyloric coordination. A gastric emptying study revealed that the time at which gastric contents entered into the duodenum occurred concomitantly with antropyloric coordination. Treatment by vagal blockade or hexamethonium significantly reduced postprandial antral contractions and pyloric relaxations of the late phase. l-NAME changed pyloric motor patterns from relaxation dominant to contraction dominant. Solid gastric emptying was significantly attenuated by treatment with hexamethonium, l-NAME, and vagal blockade. Postprandial antropyloric coordination was not seen after feeding a liquid meal. It is concluded that postprandial antropyloric coordination plays an important role to regulate gastric emptying of a solid food. Postprandial antropyloric coordination is regulated by the vagus nerve and nitrergic neurons in conscious dogs.

Differential neural regulation of circulating somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 in conscious dogs

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (5) ◽  
pp. G902-G909 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Liquid Meal ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Somatostatin 14

Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) released into the circulation after nutrients or secretagogues is heterogeneous. To determine whether similar neural pathways regulate secretion of SLI molecular forms, circulating somatostatin-28 (S-28) and somatostatin-14 (S-14) responses to ingestion of a solid meal, intraduodenal perfusion of a liquid defined formula meal, and intravenous infusion of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP, 250 pmol.kg-1.h-1) were measured in four conscious dogs with and without cryogenic blockade of the cervical vagus nerves. SLI was separated by gel-filtration chromatography of extracted, acidified plasma and quantified by radioimmunoassay. Basal plasma concentrations of S-28 were 4.1 +/- 0.6 fmol/ml and of S-14 were 3.8 +/- 0.4 fmol/ml. Ingestion of the solid meal increased plasma SLI threefold, and elevations of S-28 and S-14 were equivalent. After the intraduodenal liquid meal or infusion of CCK-OP, plasma SLI rose twofold, but increments of S-28 exceeded S-14, comprising approximately 70% of SLI released. Vagal blockade by cooling reversibly inhibited both the S-28 and S-14 responses to the solid meal, intraduodenal liquid meal, and CCK-OP. In contrast, atropine (50 micrograms/kg iv), given after solid food, intraduodenal nutrients, and CCK-OP, suppressed S-28 but further increased S-14 responses. Atropine did not, however, alter the suppression of S-14 and S-28 by vagal cooling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Intragastric monosodium l-glutamate stimulates motility of upper gut via vagus nerve in conscious dogs

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (4) ◽  
pp. R1125-R1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Toyomasu ◽  
Erito Mochiki ◽  
Mitsuhiro Yanai ◽  
Kyoichi Ogata ◽  
Yuichi Tabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Contractile Response ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Gut Motility ◽  
Umami Taste ◽  
Force Transducers ◽  
Postprandial Motility ◽  
Gastric Corpus ◽  
Pavlov Pouch

Monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) is a substance known to produce the umami taste. Recent studies indicate that MSG also stimulates a variety of activities in the gastrointestinal tract through its receptor in the gut, but no study has reported the activity in conscious large experimental animals. The aim of our study was to investigate whether direct intragastric MSG stimulates gut motility and to identify the mechanism in conscious dogs. Contractile response to intraluminal injection of MSG was studied in the fed and fasted states by means of chronically implanted force transducers. MSG (5, 15, 45, and 90 mM/kg) dissolved in water was injected into the stomach and duodenum in normal and vagotomized dogs. MSG solution was administered into the stomach before feeding, and gastric emptying was evaluated. Several inhibitors of gastrointestinal motility (atropine, hexamethonium, and granisetron) were injected intravenously before MSG administration to the stomach. The effect of MSG was investigated in Pavlov (vagally innervated corpus pouch), Heidenhain (vagally denervated corpus pouch), and antral pouch (vagally innervated) dogs. Upper gut motility was significantly increased by intragastric MSG but not significantly stimulated by intraduodenal MSG. Intragastric MSG (45 mM/kg) stimulated postprandial motility and accelerated gastric emptying. MSG-induced contractions were inhibited by truncal vagotomy, atropine, hexamethonium, and granisetron. Gut motility was increased by intrapouch injection of MSG in the Pavlov pouch, but it was not affected in the Heidenhain or antral pouch dogs. We conclude that intragastric MSG stimulates upper gut motility and accelerates gastric emptying. The sensory structure of MSG is present in the gastric corpus, and the signal is mediated by the vagus nerve.

Use of a High Caloric Liquid Meal as an Alternative to a Solid Meal for Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 2001-2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Sachdeva ◽  
Steven Kantor ◽  
Linda C. Knight ◽  
Alan H. Maurer ◽  
Robert S. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Liquid Meal ◽  
Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy

Role of EDRF/NO in parasympathetic coronary vasodilation following carotid chemoreflex activation in conscious dogs

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (2) ◽  
pp. H605-H613 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Shen ◽  
M. Ochoa ◽  
X. Xu ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
T. H. Hintze
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Coronary Resistance ◽  
Vascular Response ◽  
Coronary Vasodilation ◽  
Relaxing Factor ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor ◽  
Stimulation Of

The role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in parasympathetic coronary vasodilation following carotid chemoreflex activation induced by nicotine in conscious dogs and stimulation of the vagus nerve in anesthetized dogs was studied. Injection of nicotine (11 +/- 4 micrograms) into the carotid artery increased coronary blood flow (CBF) by 126 +/- 16% from 28 +/- 3 ml/min and reduced late diastolic coronary resistance (LDCR) by 43 +/- 4% from 3.58 +/- 0.52 mmHg.ml-1.min, accompanied by a significant increase in mean arterial pressure and a decrease in heart rate (all P < 0.01). Pacing and propranolol did not change the coronary vascular response to chemoreflex activation. There were still increases in CBF by 113 +/- 17% from 29 +/- 3 ml/min and decreases in LDCR by 41 +/- 5% from 3.13 +/- 0.52 mmHg.ml-1.min (all P < 0.01). After infusion of N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) (30 mg/kg), the increase in CBF following chemoreflex activation was only 23 +/- 3% from 37 +/- 3 ml/min, and the fall in LDCR was 19 +/- 3% from 3.09 +/- 0.51 mmHg.ml-1.min. Stimulation of the vagus nerve showed a relationship between stimulation frequency and coronary vasodilation that was significantly inhibited by L-NNA. Thus EDRF plays an important role in mediating parasympathetic coronary vasodilation during chemoreflex activation and perhaps during many reflexes that cause vagal cholinergic vasodilation in the heart.

scholarly journals Effect of dexfenfluramine on gastric emptying of a mixed solid-liquid meal in obese subjects

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Horowitz ◽  
Anne Maddox ◽  
Judith Wishart ◽  
Jane Vernon-Roberts ◽  
Barry Chatterton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Liquid Meal ◽  
Placebo Capsule ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Double Isotope

Recent studies suggest that dexfenfluramine (D-fenfluramine), because of its pure serotonergic effect, may be a more potent anti-obesity agent, associated with fewer side-effects than the racemate DL-fenfluramine. The effect of dexfenfluramine on gastric emptying of a mixed solid and liquid meal was assessed with a double-isotope scintigraphic technique in eleven obese patients. Each subject took a placebo capsule on the morning and evening of the day before, and on the morning of the first gastric emptying measurement. Dexfenfluramine was then taken at a dose of 15 mg twice daily and gastric emptying measurements were performed at 5 and at 29 d after the initiation of active treatment. Dexfenfluramine significantly slowed gastric emptying of the solid meal at both 5 and 29d when compared with the placebo (P < 0.05) and also delayed emptying of solid food from the proximal stomach (P < 0.01), but no significant effect on liquid emptying was observed. No significant side-effects were reported and there was a marginal weight loss (P< 0.005) during treatment. We conclude that inhibition of gastric emptying may contribute to the efficacy of dexfenfluramine in the treatment of obesity.

Relationships between gastric emptying of solid and caloric liquid meals and alcohol absorption

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. G291-G298 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Horowitz ◽  
A. Maddox ◽  
M. Bochner ◽  
J. Wishart ◽  
R. Bratasiuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Liquid Meal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Meal Composition

The effects of three variations in meal composition (a solid and a liquid meal consumed together, a liquid meal consumed alone, and a liquid meal consumed 90 min after a solid meal) on the rates and patterns of solid and liquid gastric emptying were examined in 13 volunteers. By including alcohol (0.5 g/kg body wt) in the liquid meal, the relationship between alcohol absorption and gastric emptying was also assessed. The lag phase and the initial emptying phase of the solid meal were prolonged (P less than 0.001) when the liquid meal was consumed with the solid meal, compared with when the liquid meal was consumed 90 min after the solid meal. In this latter situation, consumption of the liquid meal caused the cessation of emptying of solid food, and this second lag phase was followed by a slower (P less than 0.001) than initial emptying phase. Gastric emptying of the liquid meal was slower (P less than 0.005) when solid food was present and was slowest (P less than 0.05) when liquid was consumed 90 min after the solid meal. Alcohol absorption was fastest (P less than 0.05) when the liquid meal was consumed alone and slower (P less than 0.01) when alcohol was consumed with or after the solid meal. For all three meals there was a close correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.91; P less than 0.001) between alcohol absorption and liquid emptying. We conclude that gastric emptying of liquid may be influenced by solid food and that the rate and pattern of solid emptying may be modified by the presence of liquid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Role of cholecystokinin as a regulator of solid and liquid gastric emptying in humans

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (3) ◽  
pp. G448-G453 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Borovicka ◽  
C. Kreiss ◽  
K. Asal ◽  
B. Remy ◽  
C. Mettraux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gamma Camera ◽  
Sulfur Colloid ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Liquid Meal ◽  
Specific Radioimmunoassay ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
99Mtc Sulfur Colloid

The role of endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) in the regulation of gastric emptying remains controversial. We therefore studied the effect of the CCK-A receptor antagonist loxiglumide on gastric emptying of a high-caloric solid-liquid meal in humans. Gastric emptying was assessed in eight volunteers using intravenous loxiglumide or placebo in a randomized double-blind order. Subjects were studied by a dual-headed gamma camera after ingestion of a pancake (570 kcal) labeled with 99mTc-sulfur colloid and 500 ml 10% glucose containing 111In-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. Plasma CCK was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. Loxiglumide markedly accelerated gastric emptying of both phases of the meal. The lag period was shortened by 26% (P < 0.03); the area under the emptying curve and half-emptying time of solid emptying were lowered by 19 and 24% (P < 0.02) and of liquid emptying by 18 and 24% (P < 0.04), respectively. Plasma CCK levels were higher during infusion of loxiglumide compared with placebo (P < 0.02). These data demonstrate that post-prandially released CCK is a major regulator of gastric emptying of physiological meals containing both solid and liquid components.

Role of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve in liver regeneration in rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (4) ◽  
pp. G439-G444 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Tanaka ◽  
S. Ohkawa ◽  
T. Nishino ◽  
A. Niijima ◽  
S. Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Liver Regeneration ◽  
Partial Hepatectomy ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Subdiaphragmatic Vagotomy ◽  
Hepatic Branch

The role of the vagus nerve in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy was examined by comparing the effects of hepatic vagotomy (sectioning of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve) with those of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats. Hepatic vagotomy delayed but did not suppress the increase in the rate of hepatic DNA synthesis and the activity of thymidine kinase after partial hepatectomy. On the other hand, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy delayed and suppressed these indices. The time courses of restoration of liver DNA content after partial hepatectomy were not affected by hepatic vagotomy. However, this index was both delayed and suppressed in subdiaphragmatic vagotomized rats. Hepatic vagotomy did not affect the daily food intake or the body weight increase after partial hepatectomy. However, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy caused considerably more loss of food intake and body weight. There were no differences in the plasma insulin levels after partial hepatectomy among three groups. We concluded that a vagal specific effect is evident in the delay but fails to suppress liver regeneration.

Central CRF inhibits gastric emptying of a nutrient solid meal in rats: the role of CRF2receptors

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (5) ◽  
pp. G965-G970 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Martinez ◽  
E. Barquist ◽  
J. Rivier ◽  
Y. Taché
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Purina Chow

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related peptides exhibit different affinity for the receptor subtypes 1 and 2 cloned in the rat brain. We investigated, in conscious rats, the effects of intracisternal (IC) injection of CRF (rat/human) on the 5-h rate of gastric emptying of a solid nutrient meal (Purina chow and water ad libitum for 3 h) and the CRF receptor subtype involved. CRF, urotensin I (suckerfish), and sauvagine (frog) injected IC inhibited gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner, with ED50 values of 0.31, 0.13, and 0.08 μg/rat, respectively. Rat CRF-(6—33) (0.1–10 μg ic) had no effect. The nonselective CRF1and CRF2 receptor antagonist, astressin, injected IC completely blocked the inhibitory effect of IC CRF, urotensin I, and sauvagine with antagonist-to-agonist ratios of 3:1, 10:1, and 16:1, respectively. The CRF1-selective receptor antagonist NBI-27914 injected IC at a ratio of 170:1 had no effect. These data show that central CRF and CRF-related peptides are potent inhibitors of gastric emptying of a solid meal with a rank order of potency characteristic of the CRF2receptor subtype affinity (sauvagine > urotensin I > CRF). In addition, the reversal by astressin but not by the CRF1-selective receptor antagonist further supports the view that the CRF2 receptor subtype is primarily involved in central CRF-induced delayed gastric emptying.

scholarly journals Acute tryptophan depletion slows gastric emptying in females

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiel A. van Nieuwenhoven ◽  
Sabine D. M. Valks ◽  
Sjacko Sobczak ◽  
Willem J. Riedel ◽  
Robert-Jan M. Brummer
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acute Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Solid Meal

Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter involved in the brain–gut axis. It is possible to lower the 5-HT level in the body by means of a nutritional intervention using an amino acid mixture; the acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) method. We studied the effect of ATD on gastric emptying in healthy females, who received both ATD and placebo in a random order. Gastric emptying was measured using the [13C]octanoic acid breath test. The present data demonstrate significant differences in both gastric emptying and lag phase (Tlag) between the ATD and placebo experiment. Eight out of ten subjects showed a delayed gastric emptying in the ATD experiment. Both the gastric half-emptying time (T1/2) and the Tlag were significantly higher in the ATD experiment. T1/2 in the ATD experiment was 137·2 (range 76·2–634·8) min; T1/2 for the placebo experiment was 98·5 (range 63·7–168·8) min (P=0·028). Tlag in the ATD experiment was 83·7 (range 45·1–356·2) min; Tlag for the placebo experiment was 56·9 (range 23·2–101·2) min (P=0·007). We conclude that lowering the 5-HT level in the body using the ATD method leads to a significantly delayed gastric emptying of a solid meal. Nutritional manipulation of the serotonergic system in healthy volunteers may lead to alterations in gastrointestinal motility.

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