scholarly journals Acute tryptophan depletion slows gastric emptying in females

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiel A. van Nieuwenhoven ◽  
Sabine D. M. Valks ◽  
Sjacko Sobczak ◽  
Willem J. Riedel ◽  
Robert-Jan M. Brummer
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acute Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Solid Meal

Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter involved in the brain–gut axis. It is possible to lower the 5-HT level in the body by means of a nutritional intervention using an amino acid mixture; the acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) method. We studied the effect of ATD on gastric emptying in healthy females, who received both ATD and placebo in a random order. Gastric emptying was measured using the [13C]octanoic acid breath test. The present data demonstrate significant differences in both gastric emptying and lag phase (Tlag) between the ATD and placebo experiment. Eight out of ten subjects showed a delayed gastric emptying in the ATD experiment. Both the gastric half-emptying time (T1/2) and the Tlag were significantly higher in the ATD experiment. T1/2 in the ATD experiment was 137·2 (range 76·2–634·8) min; T1/2 for the placebo experiment was 98·5 (range 63·7–168·8) min (P=0·028). Tlag in the ATD experiment was 83·7 (range 45·1–356·2) min; Tlag for the placebo experiment was 56·9 (range 23·2–101·2) min (P=0·007). We conclude that lowering the 5-HT level in the body using the ATD method leads to a significantly delayed gastric emptying of a solid meal. Nutritional manipulation of the serotonergic system in healthy volunteers may lead to alterations in gastrointestinal motility.

scholarly journals Simplified dietary acute tryptophan depletion: effects of a novel amino acid mixture on the neurochemistry of C57BL/6J mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 27424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina L. Sánchez ◽  
Amanda E. D. Van Swearingen ◽  
Andrew E. Arrant ◽  
Caroline S. Biskup ◽  
Cynthia M. Kuhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acute Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Tryptophan Depletion

Acute tryptophan depletion in healthy young women with a family history of major affective disorder

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. ELLENBOGEN ◽  
S. N. YOUNG ◽  
P. DEAN ◽  
R. M. PALMOUR ◽  
C. BENKELFAT
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Family History ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acute Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Mood Change ◽  
History Of

Background. Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), a means of reducing brain serotonin synthesis, lowers mood in normal males with a multi-generational family history of major affective disorder (MAD) and in normal women devoid of any family history of psychiatric illness. As both a family history of MAD and female sex are factors predisposing to depression, the hypothesis that a mood lowering response to ATD may reflect a susceptibility to depression was further investigated in young women with an extensive, multi-generational family history of MAD. In addition, the temporal stability of mood change following repeated trials of ATD was also assessed in this study.Methods. To deplete tryptophan, a tryptophan deficient amino acid mixture was ingested on two separate occasions. The control treatment, administered on a third occasion, was a nutritionally balanced amino acid mixture containing tryptophan.Results. A marked lowering of plasma tryptophan (85–90%) was achieved by both depletions. In comparison to the balanced condition, family history positive (FH+) women showed no lowering of mood to either the first or second ATD (N=13) and N=12, respectively). Mood change between the two ATD trials (N=13) exhibited poor temporal stability.Conclusions. These results may indicate that serotonin responsiveness is not an important characteristic of vulnerability to depression in these women. Alternately, these negative results may be due to the exclusion of a large number of FH+ women who had already experienced an episode of depression, resulting in the selection of a biased FH+ sample who are resistant to the mood lowering effects of ATD.

scholarly journals The effect of incorporating fat into different components of a meal on gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Cunningham ◽  
N. W. Read
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
The Other ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Insulin Responses

1. Three studies were carried out in each of six normal volunteers to investigate how lipid, when given at different stages during the course of a meal, affects gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations.2. The control meal consisted of 300 ml beef consommé (50 kJ, 12 kcal), followed 20 min later by 300 g mashed potato (908 kJ, 217 kcal). In the two test meals, 60 g margarine were incorporated into either the soup or the mashed potato.3. The addition of margarine to either component of the meal delayed gastric emptying of the mashed potato (P< 0.05), but the pattern varied according to the component to which the fat was added.4. Incorporation of fat into the soup increased the lag phase (P< 0.05) but did not influence the slope of emptying of the mashed potato, while incorporation of fat into the mashed potato reduced the slope of emptying of the mashed potato (P< 0.05) but did not influence the lag phase.5. Addition of fat to either component of the meal reduced postprandial blood glucose (P< 0.05) and insulin responses, but when the fat was incorporated in the soup, peak glucose and insulin responses were delayed as well (P< 0.05).6. The results show that the effect of fat on gastric emptying and absorption of nutrients depends on when, in relation to the other components of the meal, the fat is consumed.

Effect of ethyl alcohol on motor function in canine stomach

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (2) ◽  
pp. G223-G230
Author(s):  
L. C. Knight ◽  
A. H. Maurer ◽  
R. Wikander ◽  
B. Krevsky ◽  
L. S. Malmud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Dose Dependent

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of ethanol on gastric emptying and the trituration of solid food. With the use of a noninvasive physiological imaging technique, gastric processing of a radiolabeled solid meal was evaluated in unanesthetized dogs which ingested 6-8% ethanol solutions or received intravenous alcohol before the meal. Oral alcohol (resulting in blood levels up to 174 mg/dl) decreased the amplitude of antral contractions or completely abolished them. Alcohol did not significantly affect the fundamental frequency of contractions except at high doses, at which contractions were abolished. Alcohol lengthened the mean time to 50% of gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner, from 132 +/- 3 min without alcohol to 160 +/- 10 min with oral alcohol at blood levels of 80-120 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). This was manifested by a lengthening of the lag phase, but there was no effect on the terminal slope of emptying (emptying rate) of the processed meal. At equal blood levels up to 120 mg/dl, orally administered alcohol had a more pronounced effect than intravenous alcohol. These data suggest that even low doses of dilute alcohol affect the ability of the antrum to process solid food and thereby contribute to impairment of gastric emptying.

scholarly journals Conversion Percentage of Tryptophan to Nicotinamide is Higher in Rice Protein Diet than in Wheat Protein Diet in Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. IJTR.S22444
Author(s):  
Katsumi Shibata ◽  
Tsutomu Fukuwatari ◽  
Tomoyo Kawamura
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Wheat Protein ◽  
Rice Protein

We reported previously that the pellagragenic property of corn protein is not only low L-tryptophan concentration but also the lower conversion percentage of L-tryptophan to nicotinamide; the amino acid composition greatly affected the conversion percentage. The amino acid value of wheat protein is lower than that of rice protein. In the present study, we compare the conversion percentages of L-tryptophan to nicotinamide between wheat protein and rice protein diets in growing rats. The body weight gain for 28 days in rats fed with a 10% amino acid mixture diet with wheat protein was lower than that of rats fed with a 10% amino acid diet with rice protein (68.1 ± 1.6 g vs 108.4 ± 1.9 g; P < 0.05). The conversion percentage of L-tryptophan to nicotinamide was also lower for the wheat protein diet compared with the rice protein diet (1.44 ± 0.036% vs 2.84 ± 0.19%; P < 0.05). The addition of limiting amino acids (L-isoleucine, L-lysine, L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-threonine) to the wheat protein diet improved growth and the conversion percentage. In conclusion, our result supports the thinking that the composition of amino acids affects the conversion ratio of L-tryptophan to nicotinamide.

scholarly journals Pattern of gastric emptying in the pig: Relation to feeding

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Gregory ◽  
M. Mcfadyen ◽  
D. V. Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Gastric Evacuation ◽  
Biphasic Pattern ◽  
Solid Diet ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Meal Consumption

The aims of the present study were to compare the gastric emptying of dry matter (DM) and liquids during the feeding period with that following meal consumption, to clarify the relationship between feeding and gastric emptying, and to investigate how gastric emptying changes in growing animals. The studies were performed in pigs fitted with a gastric cannula and fed on a normal finely ground solid diet mixed with water containing CrEDTA as liquid marker. Gastric emptying was measured using a gastric evacuation technique. It was observed that between 0.75 and 6 h after feeding the total amounts emptied increased, but the proportion of the meal emptied fell, with increase in meal size; emptying of both DM and liquids with large and small meals followed and exponential pattern. In contrast, while the animals were feeding, there was linear and rapid emptying of both DM and liquids following a very short (approximately 2 min) lag phase before emptying began. The rate of emptying increased linearly with body-;weight (by 0.55 g DM/min and by 0.24 ml/min per kg body-weight over the range 58–200 kg) such that the emptying of digestible energy per kg metabolic body-weight (W0.75) was roughly maintained (between 2.9 and 3.2 kJ/min per kg W0.75). This suggests that the rate of emptying may be linked in some way with the metabolic requirements of the body. The biphasic pattern of gastric emptying observed is probably the intrinsic pattern of emptying of a meal which does not require breakdown of particles before emptying can occur.

Effect of Solid-Meal Caloric Content on Gastric Emptying Kinetics of Solids and Liquids

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Siegel ◽  
L. Mortelmans ◽  
E. van Cutsem ◽  
V. van den Maegdenbergh ◽  
M. de Roo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Liquid Component ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kinetics Of

In this study, we have evaluated the effect of the caloric content of a physiological test meal on the gastric emptying kinetics of solids and liquids. 22 healthy male volunteers were studied in two groups matched for age. After an overnight fast, each volunteer underwent the same test procedure; in the first group (G I), 10 volunteers received a meal consisting of bread,111In-DTPA water and 1 scrambled egg labeled with 99mTc-labelled sulphur colloid; in the second group (G II) 12 volunteers were given the same meal but with 2 labeled eggs in order to increase the caloric content of the solid phase meal. Simultaneous anterior and posterior images were recorded using a dualheaded gamma camera. Solid and liquid geometric mean data were analyzed to determine the lag phase, the emptying rate and the half-emptying time for both solids and liquids. Solid and liquid gastric half-emptying times were significantly prolonged in G II compared to G I volunteers. For the solid phased, the delay was accounted for by a longer lag phase and a decrease in the equilibrium emptying rate. The emptying rate of the liquid phase was significantly decreased in G II compared to G I. Within each group, no statistically significant difference was observed between solid and liquid emptying rates. We conclude that the caloric content of the solid portion of a meal not only alters the emptying of the solid phase but also affects the emptying of the liquid component of the meal.

Relationships between gastric emptying of solid and caloric liquid meals and alcohol absorption

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. G291-G298 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Horowitz ◽  
A. Maddox ◽  
M. Bochner ◽  
J. Wishart ◽  
R. Bratasiuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Liquid Meal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Meal Composition

The effects of three variations in meal composition (a solid and a liquid meal consumed together, a liquid meal consumed alone, and a liquid meal consumed 90 min after a solid meal) on the rates and patterns of solid and liquid gastric emptying were examined in 13 volunteers. By including alcohol (0.5 g/kg body wt) in the liquid meal, the relationship between alcohol absorption and gastric emptying was also assessed. The lag phase and the initial emptying phase of the solid meal were prolonged (P less than 0.001) when the liquid meal was consumed with the solid meal, compared with when the liquid meal was consumed 90 min after the solid meal. In this latter situation, consumption of the liquid meal caused the cessation of emptying of solid food, and this second lag phase was followed by a slower (P less than 0.001) than initial emptying phase. Gastric emptying of the liquid meal was slower (P less than 0.005) when solid food was present and was slowest (P less than 0.05) when liquid was consumed 90 min after the solid meal. Alcohol absorption was fastest (P less than 0.05) when the liquid meal was consumed alone and slower (P less than 0.01) when alcohol was consumed with or after the solid meal. For all three meals there was a close correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.91; P less than 0.001) between alcohol absorption and liquid emptying. We conclude that gastric emptying of liquid may be influenced by solid food and that the rate and pattern of solid emptying may be modified by the presence of liquid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Effects of rapid tryptophan depletion on brain 5-HT2receptors: a PET study

2001 ◽  
Vol 178 (5) ◽  
pp. 448-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi N. Yatham ◽  
Peter F. Liddle ◽  
I-Shin Shiah ◽  
Raymond W. Lam ◽  
Michael J. Adam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Free Tryptophan ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Pet Scans

BackgroundThe mechanism by which rapid tryptophan depletion (RTD) paradigm induces depressive relapse in recently remitted patients with depression is unknown.AimsTo determine the effects of RTD on brain 5-HT2receptors using positron emission tomography (PET) and18F-labelled setoperone.MethodTen healthy women underwent two PET scans. Each scan was done 5 h after the ingestion of either a balanced or a tryptophan-deficient amino acid mixture, and the two test sessions were separated by at least 5 days.ResultsThe RTD decreased plasma free tryptophan levels significantly but it had no significant effects on mood. Subjects showed a significant decrease in brain 5-HT2receptor binding in various cortical regions following the RTD session.ConclusionsWhen taken with the evidence that antidepressant treatment is associated with a decrease in brain 5-HT2receptors, these findings suggest that a decrease in 5-HT2binding following RTD might be an adaptive response that provides protection against depressive symptoms.

Role of vagus nerve in postprandial antropyloric coordination in conscious dogs

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (3) ◽  
pp. G487-G495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomio Ueno ◽  
Kenichiro Uemura ◽  
Mary B. Harris ◽  
Theodore N. Pappas ◽  
Toku Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Liquid Meal ◽  
Vagal Blockade

It is generally believed that gastric emptying of solids is regulated by a coordinated motor pattern between the antrum and pylorus. We studied the role of the vagus nerve in mediating postprandial coordination between the antrum and pylorus. Force transducers were implanted on the serosal surface of the body, antrum, pylorus, and duodenum in seven dogs. Dogs were given either a solid or a liquid meal, and gastroduodenal motility was recorded over 10 h. Gastric emptying was evaluated with radiopaque markers mixed with a solid meal. Dogs were treated with hexamethonium, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), or transient vagal nerve blockade by cooling. A postprandial motility pattern showed three distinct phases: early, intermediate, and late. In the late phase, profound pyloric relaxations predominantly synchronized with giant antral contractions that were defined as postprandial antropyloric coordination. A gastric emptying study revealed that the time at which gastric contents entered into the duodenum occurred concomitantly with antropyloric coordination. Treatment by vagal blockade or hexamethonium significantly reduced postprandial antral contractions and pyloric relaxations of the late phase. l-NAME changed pyloric motor patterns from relaxation dominant to contraction dominant. Solid gastric emptying was significantly attenuated by treatment with hexamethonium, l-NAME, and vagal blockade. Postprandial antropyloric coordination was not seen after feeding a liquid meal. It is concluded that postprandial antropyloric coordination plays an important role to regulate gastric emptying of a solid food. Postprandial antropyloric coordination is regulated by the vagus nerve and nitrergic neurons in conscious dogs.

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