Respiration in the Hibernation of the 13-Lined Ground Squirrel

1958 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara R. Landau ◽  
Albert R. Dawe
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Variable Duration ◽  
Transition Stages

Respiratory rate, heart rate and body temperatures were recorded simultaneously in the 13-lined ground squirrel ( Citellus tridecemlineatus) throughout the hibernating cycle. An induction trend may appear at any time during the latter part of arousal. It may lead to the hibernating state, or it may give way to the continuation of arousal, hence neither induction nor arousal appears to be an ‘all-or-none’ phenomenon. In hibernation, respiration consists of one to two deep sighs followed by apnea of variable duration, averaging 1–3 breaths/min. The heart rate is often arrhythmic, but averages 7–8 beats/min. As the frequency of the sighs change, other shallow rhythmic breaths appear very early in arousal, and increase in rate and amplitude to marked hyperventilation. Heart rate also increases rapidly and without arrhythmia, but in late arousal various stimuli will elicit momentary respiratory and cardiac arrest. In transition stages, respiratory lead heart rate changes, except during early arousal and late induction when respiratory and heart rates are linearly related. The apparent initiatory action of respiration further implicates the respiratory muscles in the heat production of arousal.

The relation between respiratory rate and heart rate in the calf subjected to severe heat stress

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Steep Increase ◽  
Severe Heat Stress ◽  
The Mean

1. In experiments on three calves it was shown that, under severe heat stress, the respiratory rate at first rapidly rose from 88 to a maximum of 218 respirations/min. and then fell to 167 respirations/min., while breathing at first became shallower and then deeper.2. During the phase in which breathing became faster and shallower (panting), the heart rate rose at a mean rate of 13 beats/min. for each degree centigrade increase in rectal temperature. During the phase in which breathing became slower and deeper (‘second-phase breathing’) the mean rate of rise in heart rate was 50 beats/min. for each degree increase in rectal temperature.3. The changes in respiratory rate and in heart rate occurred at mean rectal temperatures of 40·6 and 41·0° C., respectively, and, on average, the change in respiratory rate preceded that in heart rate by 8 min.4. It is concluded that second-phase breathing was the cause of the steep increase in heart rate.5. The steep increase in heart rate is discussed in relation to heat production of the respiratory muscles.

Acclimatization of calves to a hot dry environment

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Physiological Reactions

1. Three calves were individually exposed in a climatic room to an environment of 45° C. dry-bulb and 28° C. wet-bulb temperature for 21 successive days up to 5 hr. each day.2. In the 21-day period, mostly during the first half of it, the following changes in the physiological reactions of the animals were observed: progressive reductions in rectal temperature, in heart rate and in respiratory rate with a change of breathing from a laboured to a less laboured type.3. It was suggested that a decrease in metabolic heat production might play a part in the observed acclimatization.

scholarly journals Distribution of Pediatric Vital Signs in the Emergency Department: A Nationwide Study

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Woori Bae ◽  
Kyunghoon Kim ◽  
Bongjin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Normal Body

To effectively use vital signs as indicators in children, the magnitude of deviation from expected vital sign distribution should be determined. The purpose of this study is to derive age-specific centile charts for the heart rate and respiratory rate of the children who visited the emergency department. This study used the Korea’s National Emergency Department Information System dataset. Patients aged <16 years visiting the emergency department between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017 were included. Heart rate and respiratory rate centile charts were derived from the population with normal body temperature (36 to <38 °C). Of 1,901,816 data points retrieved from the database, 1,454,372 sets of heart rates and 1,458,791 sets of respiratory rates were used to derive centile charts. Age-specific centile charts and curves of heart rates and respiratory rates showed a decline in heart rate and respiratory rate from birth to early adolescence. There were substantial discrepancies in the reference ranges of Advanced Paediatric Life Support and Pediatric Advanced Life Support guidelines. Age-based heart rate and respiratory rate centile charts at normal body temperature, derived from children visiting emergency departments, serve as new evidence-based data and can be used in follow-up studies to improve clinical care for children.

Acclimatization of calves to a hot humid environment

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
Physiological Reactions

1. Three calves were exposed in a climatic room to an environment of 40° C. dry-bulb and 38° C. wet-bulb temperature for up to 110 min. each day for 1-2 weeks.2. These exposures produced progressive changes in the physiological reactions of the animals to heat:(a) Rectal temperature and skin temperature (for a given time of exposure) declined. In consequence there was a marked increase in the tolerance time, i.e. in the time for which the animals could withstand the hot environment before reaching a rectal temperature of 42° C.(b) Respiratory rate rose earlier and assumed higher levels (for given levels of body temperature).(c) Heart rate decreased markedly.3. These changes are discussed in relation to heat loss and heat production and have been interpreted as reflecting chiefly a reduction in the metabolic heat production of the animals.

Electrocardiographic studies on rats before and after cardiac arrest induced by hypothermia and asphyxia

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Willard ◽  
Steven M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Similar Technique ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Suspended Animation ◽  
Closed Container ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ventricular Activation

Eighteen rats were induced into hypothermia by the closed container technique to determine the effect of extreme reduction of body temperatures on the electrocardiogram. Complete cardiac arrest was obtained for an average time of 44 minutes with periods of ‘suspended animation’ averaging over 90 minutes. Thirty nine per cent of the animals were successfully resuscitated and survived for periods of at least 2 weeks. Andjus ( J. Physiol. 128: 547, 1954.) employing a similar technique for induction of hypothermia was able to secure 50% survival with similar periods of suspended animation but the duration of cardiac arrest in his studies was not stated. Survival could not be predicted from the electrocardiographic record. The ventricular activation time showed an inverse relationship to the temperature. The QTc decreased with cooling and increased with warming. The heart rate decreased exponentially when the rats were cooled and apparently also increased exponentially when warmed.

Hypothermia below 25 C for one day in the rat

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Connaughton ◽  
F. John Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Better Than

Adult rats were subjected to 24 hr of hypothermia at body temperatures below 25 C because of several characteristics which indicated that rats might withstand such a procedure better than dogs. Two groups were studied: in one the animals were enclosed in a poorly ventilated Lucite cylinder; the rats in the other group were merely wrapped in a cooling blanket. Those rats cooled while in a poorly ventilated enclosure had a significantly increased survival rate; factors which may have influenced this increased survival are discussed. The changes in hematocrit, respiratory rate, and heart rate parallel those observed previously in the dog subjected to the same procedure. Submitted on October 26, 1960

scholarly journals Association between Respiratory and Heart Rate Fluctuations and Death Occurrence in Dying Cancer Patients: Continuous Measurement with a Non-wearable Monitor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakiko Fukui ◽  
Kasumi Ikuta ◽  
Isseki Maeda ◽  
Satoshi Hattori ◽  
Yutaka Hatano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Dying Patients ◽  
Imminent Death ◽  
Mean Heart Rate ◽  
At Home

Abstract Background: The cancer deaths at home and in care facilities are increasing worldly. If we can identify imminent death using a monitoring device and inform it to family members and care staff, it will help them, even in the absence of healthcare professionals at all times. We examined the association between impending death and continual changes in respiratory and heart rates measured by a non-wearable monitor every minute for the final 2 weeks of dying cancer patients. In this longitudinal study, we enrolled patients in a palliative-care-unit and continuously measured their respiratory/heart rates by a monitor, capturing their other vital signs and clinical status from medical records.Result: A dataset was created with 240 patient-days from every minute data to death (345,600 data) among 24 patients for 3-14 days to death. We analyzed this 240 patient-day data. After confirming the associations between the value of death day (n=24) or other days (2–14 days before death, n=216) and the mean, maximum, minimum, and variance of respiratory and heart rates every 24 hours by univariate analyses, we conducted a repeated measures logistic regression analysis using a generalized estimating equation. Finally, the maximum respiratory rate and mean heart rate were significantly associated with death at 24, 48, and 72 hours later, other than the respiratory rate of the last 24 hours.Conclusion: The maximum respiratory rate and mean heart rate measured every minute by a monitor can warn imminent death during the last days of life among dying patients. Our findings can help for caregivers to aware imminent death among dying patients at home or in facilities, in collaboration with palliative care professionals.

Abstract 253: Complete Reversal of Xylazine-induced Bradycardia With Intralipid in Female Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 119 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Negar Motayagheni ◽  
Mansoureh Eghbali
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Isolated Heart ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Left Ventricular Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ventricular Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Female Mice

Sudden cardiac arrest accounts for 300 000 to 400 000 deaths annually in united states both in men and women. Cardiac arrest could be due to abnormally slow heart rate known as bradycardia. Bradycardia is a catastrophic event which is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. We have previously shown that Intralipid, an emulsion of soy bean oil, egg yolk phospholipids and glycerol, protects the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury as well as Bupivacaine induced cardiotoxicity. Here we examined whether intralipid can protects the heart against bradycardia. Wild type female mice C57/Bl6 (2-4 month old) were anesthetized by isoflurane after heparinization. The heart was removed immediately and placed in cold Krebs-Henseleit buffer. The aorta was cannulated and the isolated heart (Langendorff) was perfused with Krebs-Henseleit at 37°C for 15 min for stabilization. Xylazine (100-300 mg) was directly applied to the heart surface for 1-2 min until bradycardia was achieved. The heart was then perfused with either Krebs-Henseleit (KH) solution (control group), or 1% ILP (intralipid group). Hemodynamic parameters and heart rates were recorded with a catheter directly inserted into left ventricle (n=5-8 per group). The heart rates at the baseline before inducing bradycardia was 224±7 beats/min and the left ventricular pressures was 64±4 mmHg. Administration of Xylazine decreased the heart rate significantly to 81±9 beats/min and left ventricular pressure to 5±2 mmHg (p<0.001). Perfusion of the heart with intralipid rapidly restored the heart rate to 209±30 and left ventricular pressure to 59±4 which were not significantly different than their values before inducing bradycardia at the baseline. In the hearts that received Krebs-Henseleit after bradycardia, the heart rate (81±10 beats/min) and left ventricular pressure (20±8 mmHg) were significantly lower than intralipid group. In conclusion Intralipid has the ability to rapidly reverse bradycardia in female mice.

scholarly journals Association between respiratory and heart rate fluctuations and death occurrence in dying cancer patients: Continuous measurement with a non-wearable monitor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakiko Fukui ◽  
Kasumi Ikuta ◽  
Isseki Maeda ◽  
Satoshi Hattori ◽  
Yutaka Hatano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Dying Patients ◽  
Imminent Death ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

Abstract Background The present study aimed to explore the association between impending death and continual changes in respiratory and heart rates measured by a non-wearable monitor every minute for the final 2 weeks of dying cancer patients. Methods In this longitudinal study, we enrolled patients in a palliative-care-unit and continuously measured their respiratory/heart rates by a monitor, capturing their other vital signs and clinical status from medical records. Result A dataset was created with 240 patient-days from every minute data to death (345,600 data) among 24 patients for 3–14 days to death. We analyzed this 240 patient-day data. After confirming the associations between the value of death day (n = 24) or other days (2–14 days before death, n = 216) and the mean, maximum, minimum, and variance of respiratory and heart rates every 24 hours by univariate analyses, we conducted a repeated measures logistic regression analysis using a generalized estimating equation. Finally, the maximum respiratory rate and mean heart rate were significantly associated with death at 24, 48, and 72 hours later, other than the respiratory rate of the last 24 hours. Conclusion The maximum respiratory rate and mean heart rate measured every minute by a monitor can warn imminent death during the last days of life among dying patients. Our findings can help for family caregivers and care staff to aware imminent death among dying patients at home or in facilities, in collaboration with palliative care professionals.

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