The relation between respiratory rate and heart rate in the calf subjected to severe heat stress

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Steep Increase ◽  
Severe Heat Stress ◽  
The Mean

1. In experiments on three calves it was shown that, under severe heat stress, the respiratory rate at first rapidly rose from 88 to a maximum of 218 respirations/min. and then fell to 167 respirations/min., while breathing at first became shallower and then deeper.2. During the phase in which breathing became faster and shallower (panting), the heart rate rose at a mean rate of 13 beats/min. for each degree centigrade increase in rectal temperature. During the phase in which breathing became slower and deeper (‘second-phase breathing’) the mean rate of rise in heart rate was 50 beats/min. for each degree increase in rectal temperature.3. The changes in respiratory rate and in heart rate occurred at mean rectal temperatures of 40·6 and 41·0° C., respectively, and, on average, the change in respiratory rate preceded that in heart rate by 8 min.4. It is concluded that second-phase breathing was the cause of the steep increase in heart rate.5. The steep increase in heart rate is discussed in relation to heat production of the respiratory muscles.

Acclimatization of calves to a hot dry environment

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Physiological Reactions

1. Three calves were individually exposed in a climatic room to an environment of 45° C. dry-bulb and 28° C. wet-bulb temperature for 21 successive days up to 5 hr. each day.2. In the 21-day period, mostly during the first half of it, the following changes in the physiological reactions of the animals were observed: progressive reductions in rectal temperature, in heart rate and in respiratory rate with a change of breathing from a laboured to a less laboured type.3. It was suggested that a decrease in metabolic heat production might play a part in the observed acclimatization.

Acclimatization of calves to a hot humid environment

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
Physiological Reactions

1. Three calves were exposed in a climatic room to an environment of 40° C. dry-bulb and 38° C. wet-bulb temperature for up to 110 min. each day for 1-2 weeks.2. These exposures produced progressive changes in the physiological reactions of the animals to heat:(a) Rectal temperature and skin temperature (for a given time of exposure) declined. In consequence there was a marked increase in the tolerance time, i.e. in the time for which the animals could withstand the hot environment before reaching a rectal temperature of 42° C.(b) Respiratory rate rose earlier and assumed higher levels (for given levels of body temperature).(c) Heart rate decreased markedly.3. These changes are discussed in relation to heat loss and heat production and have been interpreted as reflecting chiefly a reduction in the metabolic heat production of the animals.

scholarly journals Feeding systems and productive and physiological parameters of lambs raised under heat stress

2021 ◽  
pp. 181-199
Author(s):  
Abner A. Rodríguez-Carías ◽  
José Israel Suárez-Rodríguez ◽  
Jonathan Collazo ◽  
John Fernández-Van Cleve
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Grazing System

The objective of this study was to determine physiological parameters (rectal temperature = RT, respiratory rate = RR, heart rate = HR) and production parameters (dry matter intake = DMI, water intake = WI, average daily weight gain = ADG, and feed conversion = FC) of crossbred and Katahdin lambs raised in rotational grazing of native pastures (NP) and in confinement under heat stress conditions. Nine crossbred lambs (average initial weight = 19.4 kg) were used and fed in a rotational grazing system for 70 days with occupation and rest periods of seven and 21 days, respectively. The lambs had daily access to the grazing area for four to six hours, grass hay and water ad libitum, a daily supplement of 100 g of commercial concentrate and a nutritional block. In the confined system, six lambs of the Katahdin breed (average initial weight = 27.3 kg) were used, and for 28 days these were fed total mixed rations (TMR) containing 30% grass hay, 15.4% soybean meal, 54.6% corn grain and a mineral block. The diet contained 14% Crude Protein (CP) and 66% Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) and was formulated for an ADG of 200 g. The offered and rejected feed was quantified every day [4% body weight (BW)/dry matter basis (DMB)] to determine the DMI, and the volume of water offered and rejected to determine WI. To validate the stress conditions, the maximum environmental temperature and relative humidity were monitored to calculate the temperature and humidity index (THI), and the RT, HR and RR of the 15 lambs were determined. The lambs were weighed every seven days. In both experiments, the THI oscillated between 78 and 80. The lambs were under environmental heat stress conditions (THI x̅ = 79) during both studies. The averages of HR and RT in the grazing system were 118.0 beats per minute and 38.6° C, while the averages under the confinement system were 108.6 beats per minute and 39.4° C, respectively. The average RR (53.6 and 62.6 breaths per minute, in grazing and in confinement, respectively) was greater than the normal value considered for thermal comfort. Respiratory rate is the main mechanism used by lambs to dissipate heat. The heart rate also showed slightly higher values than those reported for animals in their comfort zone. However, the rectal temperature values were constant. As expected, crossbred lambs fed under grazing conditions with naturalized pastures (NP) had a low ADG (55.6 g). Nevertheless, Katahdin lambs fed in confinement with TMR had a DMI of 935.4 g/day (3.14% BW/DMB), a WI of 3.5 L/day, a FC of 4.74 and an ADG of 226.2 g. In conclusion, raising crossbred sheep in rotational grazing of NP without any type of agronomic management results in ADG that could not be considered viable in traditional production systems. The introduction of pure breeds and feeding them in confined systems with a TMR results in a pre-determined ADG (>200 g/day) and is an alternative that can be evaluated economically for its practical implementation.

Heart rate, cardiac vagal tone, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature in dairy calves exposed to heat stress in a continental region

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1791-1797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levente Kovács ◽  
Fruzsina Luca Kézér ◽  
Ferenc Ruff ◽  
Viktor Jurkovich ◽  
Ottó Szenci
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Vagal Tone ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Cardiac Vagal Tone

Respiration in the Hibernation of the 13-Lined Ground Squirrel

1958 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara R. Landau ◽  
Albert R. Dawe
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Variable Duration ◽  
Transition Stages

Respiratory rate, heart rate and body temperatures were recorded simultaneously in the 13-lined ground squirrel ( Citellus tridecemlineatus) throughout the hibernating cycle. An induction trend may appear at any time during the latter part of arousal. It may lead to the hibernating state, or it may give way to the continuation of arousal, hence neither induction nor arousal appears to be an ‘all-or-none’ phenomenon. In hibernation, respiration consists of one to two deep sighs followed by apnea of variable duration, averaging 1–3 breaths/min. The heart rate is often arrhythmic, but averages 7–8 beats/min. As the frequency of the sighs change, other shallow rhythmic breaths appear very early in arousal, and increase in rate and amplitude to marked hyperventilation. Heart rate also increases rapidly and without arrhythmia, but in late arousal various stimuli will elicit momentary respiratory and cardiac arrest. In transition stages, respiratory lead heart rate changes, except during early arousal and late induction when respiratory and heart rates are linearly related. The apparent initiatory action of respiration further implicates the respiratory muscles in the heat production of arousal.

Physiological acclimatization of fowls to a hot humid environment

1953 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. D. Hutchinson ◽  
A. H. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Equable Climate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Severe Heat Stress

1. The resting heart rate of cocks and hens was measured in varying degrees of heat stress, and during acclimatization to heat.2. When the rectal temperature was below 110°F. (43·3° C), the heart rate varied inversely with the severity of the climate up to an air temperature around 99° F. (37·2° C).3. At air temperatures of 99° F. (37·2° C.) and above the heart rate was nearly constant over a wide range of rectal temperatures below 110° F. (43·3° C). It averaged about 50 beats/min. less than in an equable climate.4. Above 110° F. (43·3° C.) there was an increase of about 30 beats/min./° F. (17 beats/min./° C.) rise in rectal temperature. The rate equalled that found in an equable climate, when the rectal temperature reached 111–112° F. (43·9–44·4° C). Over this zone of body temperature the fowls were often agitated.5. In severe heat stress there was a slight fall in the heart rate on acclimatization, but this was small compared with the effect of climate.6. In severe heat stress the heart rate during the day was slightly higher than that at night.7. The relation of these findings to the mechanism of temperature regulation is discussed.

scholarly journals Respon fisiologis dan hematologis Kambing peranakan Etawah terhadap cekaman panas

Cassowary ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Enos The ◽  
M. Jen Wajo ◽  
M. A. Muin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Physiological Aspect ◽  
Young Males ◽  
The Status

PE goat is a small ruminant crossed between Etawah goat and bean goat, which introduced in Manokwari since 2007. Livestock can well produce depend on environment comfortable temperature in the area of tropical temperature on the day is radiated in high sun light. If the goat is expose to the blazing sun, it supposed experiencing heat stress and caused to the physiological and haematological condition. The aim of this study is to know the physiological and haematological response of PE goat to heat stress. This design of research used is Split Plot (RPT). 8 goats will be a sample which devide in two groups, of unexposed groups and Groups exposed to sunlight. Each group consists of young males, young female, adult male, adult female. The variables observed included physiological aspects (heart rate, rectal temperature, respiratory rate) and haematological aspects (hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, erythrocyte count, leukocyte count). The results showed that interaction between goats and heat stress status did not influence physiological aspect variable (heart rate, rectal temperature, respiratory rate), but very significant effect on some hematological aspect variable such as hemoglobin and erythrocytes. The status of livestock has a very significant effect on some physiological aspect variable such as rectal temperature, respiratory rate) and hematological aspect variable ie hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocytesTreatment of heat stress has a very significant effect on the physiological aspects of variables such as heart rate, rectal temperature and respiration whereas on hematologic aspect variable have significant effect on hemoglobin level, very significant effect on hematocrit value and erythrocyte level.

scholarly journals Energy Supplementation during the Last Third of Gestation Improves Mother–Young Bonding in Goats

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Juan M. Vázquez-García ◽  
Gregorio Álvarez-Fuentes ◽  
Héctor O. Orozco-Gregorio ◽  
Juan C. García-López ◽  
Milagros González-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Labor Duration ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Energy Supplementation ◽  
Birth Body Weight ◽  
Birth Type

We tested whether maternal energy supplementation during the last third of gestation improves birth weight, neonatal wellbeing, and mother–young bonding. Thirty-six pregnant French Alpine goats were randomly allocated among three nutritional treatments for the last third of pregnancy: (i) Control, fed alfalfa (T-0; n = 12); (ii) alfalfa + 150 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-150; n = 12); (iii) alfalfa + 300 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-300; n = 12). At birth, we collected progeny data on birth weight, birth type, sex, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, time to standing, time to udder connection, and time to first feeding. For the dams, we collected data on the duration of labor, time to clean the progeny, and time to allow first suckling. At birth, body weight, rectal temperature, heart rate, and the respiratory rate did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). In the dams, labor duration was not affected by the treatments (p > 0.05). The T-150 dams were faster to clean the newborn and allow first suckling (p < 0.05). The T-150 progeny were faster to stand and the T-300 progeny were faster to connect to the udder (p < 0.05). We conclude that energy supplementation of the dam during the last third of gestation does not affect the birth weight of the progeny, but enhances the mother–young bonding.

scholarly journals FRI0618-HPR EFFECTS OF MUSIC THERAPY ON PAIN, ANXIETY, AND VITAL SIGNS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATIC DISEASES PATIENTS DURING BIOLOGICAL DRUGS INFUSION

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 914.2-914
Author(s):  
S. Boussaid ◽  
M. Ben Majdouba ◽  
S. Jriri ◽  
M. Abbes ◽  
S. Jammali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Biological Therapies ◽  
Biological Drugs ◽  
Pain Anxiety ◽  
The Mean

Background:Music therapy is based on ancient cross-cultural beliefs that music can have a “healing” effect on mind and body. Research determined that listening to music can increase comfort and relaxation, relieve pain, lower distress, reduce anxiety, improve positive emotions and mood, and decrease psychological symptoms. Music therapy has been used greatly in various medical procedures to reduce associated anxiety and pain. Patients have a high level of anxiety when they are in the hospital, this is the case of patients with rheumatic diseases who consult regularly to have intravenous infusion of biological therapies.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of music therapy on pain, anxiety, and vital signs among patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases during intravenous infusion of biological drugs.Methods:Fifty patients were divided into two groups: The experimental group G1 (n=25) received drug infusion while lestening to soft music (30 minutes); and the control group G2 (n=25) received only drug infusion. Measures include pain, anxiety, vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate). The pain was measured using visual analogic scale (VAS). The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) was used for measuring anxiety, low anxiety ranges from 20 to 39, the moderate anxiety ranges from 40 to 59, and high anxiety ranges from 60 to 80. Vital signs (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], heart rate [HR], and respiratory rate [RR]) were measured before, during and immediately after the infusion.Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used for analysis.Results:The mean age in G1 was 44.45 years (26-72) with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.8. Including the 25 patients, 12 had rheumatoid arthritis, 10 had ankylosing spondylitis and 3 had psoriatic arthritis. The mean disease duration was 8 years. In G2, the mean age was 46 years (25-70) with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.75, 12 had rheumatoid arthritis, 11 had ankylosing spondylitis and 2 had psoriatic arthritis. The mean disease duration was 7.5 years. The biological drugs used were: Infliximab in 30 cases, Tocilizumab in 12 cases and Rituximab in 8 cases.Before the infusion, the patients of experimental group had a mean VAS of 5/10±3, a mean STAI of 50.62±6.01, a mean SBP of 13.6 cmHg±1.4, a mean DBP of 8.6 cmHg±1, a mean HR of 85±10 and a mean RR of 18±3. While in control group the mean VAS was 5.5±2, the mean STAI was 50.89±5.5, the mean SBP was 13.4±1.2, the mean DBP was 8.8±1.1, the mean HR was 82±8 and the mean RR was 19±2.During the infusion and after music intervention in G1, the mean STAI became 38.35±5 in G1 versus 46.7±5.2 in G2 (p value=0.022), the mean SBP became 12.1±0.5 in G1 versus 13±1 in G2 (p=0.035), the mean DBP became 8.1±0.8 in G1 versus 8.4±0.9 in G2 (p=0.4), the mean HR became 76±9 in G1 versus 78±7 in G2 (p=0.04) and the mean RR became 17.3±2.1 in G1 versus 18.2±1.7 in G2 (p=0.39).This study found a statistically significant decrease in anxiety, systolic blood pressure and heart rate in patients receiving music interventions during biological therapies infusion, but no significant difference were identified in diastolic blood pressure and respiratory rate.Conclusion:The findings provide further evidence to support the use of music therapy to reduce anxiety, and lower systolic blood pressure and heart rate in patients with rheumatic disease during biological therapies infusion.References:[1] Lin, C., Hwang, S., Jiang, P., & Hsiung, N. (2019).Effect of Music Therapy on Pain After Orthopedic Surgery -A Systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Pain Practice.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Effect of season on thermoregulatory responses and energy expenditure of goats on semi-arid range in India

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. SHINDE ◽  
RAGHAVENDRA BHATTA ◽  
S. K. SANKHYAN ◽  
D. L. VERMA
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Semi Arid

A study of the physiological responses and energy expenditure of goats was carried out from June 1999 to May 2000 by conducting two experiments: one on bucks maintained on stall feeding in autumn 1999 (Expt 1) followed by year-round grazing on native ranges over three seasons: monsoon, winter and summer (Expt 2). Physiological responses and energy expenditure (EE) measurements of housed and grazing goats were recorded at 06.00 h and 14.00 h for 5 consecutive days in each season. Goats were fixed with a face mask and meteorological balloon for collection of expired air and measurement of EE. Respiration rate (RR) at 06.00 h was similar in all seasons (14 respiration/min) except in the monsoon, where a significantly (P<0.05) higher value (26 respiration/min) was recorded. At 14.00 h, RR was higher in monsoon and summer (81 and 91 respiration/min) than in winter (52 respiration/min). Irrespective of the season, heart rate (HR) was higher at 14.00 h (86 beat/min) than at 06.00 h (64 beat/min). The rise of rectal temperature (RT) from morning (06.00 h) to peak daily temperature (14.00 h) was 0.9 °C in housed goats in autumn and 1.0, 2.1 and 2.0 °C in grazing goats during monsoon, winter and summer, respectively. The mean value was 1.7 °C. Skin temperature (ST) was lowest in winter (30.1 °C) and highest at 14.00 h in summer (40.3 °C). Energy expenditure of goats at 06.00 h was 32.7 W in winter and significantly (P<0.05) increased to 52.0 W in summer and 107.8 W in monsoon. At 14.00 h, EE was 140.2 W in winter and increased to 389.0 W and 391.3 W respectively in monsoon and summer. It is concluded that monsoon and summer are both stressful seasons in semi-arid regions. Animals should be protected from direct solar radiation during the hottest hours of the day to ameliorate the effect of heat stress.

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