Clearance rate in relation to agglutinins for gelatin-stabilized colloid in the rat

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. MacKay Murray
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Transient Increase ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Thorium Dioxide ◽  
Plasma Response ◽  
Circulating Levels

Intravascular clearance rates of gelatin-stabilized gold were compared with circulating titers of gelatin agglutinins in rats at increasing time intervals after blockading injections of gelatin-stabilized gold and S. marcescens endotoxin. The degree and duration of reticuloendothelial system (RES) blockade against the homologous colloid were directly related to the circulating levels of gelatin agglutinins. In contrast, plasma agglutinins were not decreased in endotoxin-induced blockade against the gelatin-stabilized colloid. In a further experiment, the plasma response to blockading injections of colloidal thorium dioxide, iron oxide, and zymosan was characterized by a transient increase in gelatin agglutinins suggesting the nonspecific release of opsonins from an extravascular source. The findings indicated that clearance rates of gelatin-stabilized colloids were dependent on the total available opsonin in the rat rather than the total circulating opsonin. It is suggested that RES blockade is effected by the prior nonspecific depletion of opsonins from an extravascular reserve which is the major component of the total available opsonin.

Ultrastructure of Lymphatic Capillaries in the Transport of Colloidal Particles

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 186-187
Author(s):  
L. V. Leak ◽  
J. F. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Thorium Dioxide ◽  
Lymphatic Capillary ◽  
Tissue Area ◽  
Rapid Removal ◽  
Tissue Fluids

The vital role played by the lymphatic capillaries in the transfer of tissue fluids and particulate materials from the connective tissue area can be demonstrated by the rapid removal of injected vital dyes into the tissue areas. In order to ascertain the mechanisms involved in the transfer of substances from the connective tissue area at the ultrastructural level, we have injected colloidal particles of varying sizes which range from 80 A up to 900-mμ. These colloidal particles (colloidal ferritin 80-100A, thorium dioxide 100-200 A, biological carbon 200-300 and latex spheres 900-mμ) are injected directly into the interstitial spaces of the connective tissue with glass micro-needles mounted in a modified Chambers micromanipulator. The progress of the particles from the interstitial space into the lymphatic capillary lumen is followed by observing tissues from animals (skin of the guinea pig ear) that were injected at various time intervals ranging from 5 minutes up to 6 months.

scholarly journals Bivalve Feeding on the Brown Tide Aureoumbra lagunensis in a Shallow Coastal Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve Galimany ◽  
Jessica Lunt ◽  
Christopher J. Freeman ◽  
I. Segura-García ◽  
M. Mossop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Indian River Lagoon ◽  
Brown Tide ◽  
Bivalve Species ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Brown Tides ◽  
Indian River ◽  
Aureoumbra Lagunensis ◽  
Fish And Shellfish

Brown tides formed by Aureoumbra lagunensis decrease light penetration in the water column and are often followed by hypoxic events that result in the loss of fish and shellfish. To understand the ability of bivalve filter feeders to control and prevent A. lagunensis blooms, we exposed eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), hooked mussels (Ischadium recurvum), and hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) to a naturally co-occurring brown tide in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, United States. Bivalves were exposed in the laboratory to multiple concentrations (104 to 106 cells mL–1) of isotopically labeled (13C and 15N) A. lagunensis cells. The standard clearance rate (herein clearance rate) of each bivalve species was calculated using flow cytometry to quantify A. lagunensis cell removal. The highest clearance rates were at 104 cells mL–1, but values varied across bivalve species (2.16 ± 0.30, 3.03 ± 0.58, and 0.41 ± 0.12 L h–1 for C. virginica, I. recurvum, and M. mercenaria, respectively). Although clearance rates decreased with increasing bloom concentrations, bivalves were still consuming algal cells at all concentrations and were retaining and assimilating more cells at the highest concentrations, as revealed by δ13C and δ15N values. We highlight interspecific differences among bivalve species in the removal of A. lagunensis, supporting the importance of healthy and diverse filter feeding communities in estuaries, especially as threats of brown tides and other HABs are increasing in the Anthropocene.

Rate of carbon clearance in three strains of germfree mice

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Doll
Keyword(s):  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Colloidal Carbon ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Carbon Clearance

Three strains of germfree mice (ND-1, ND-2, C57), along with conventional controls, were compared in terms of their ability to rid the blood stream, via the reticuloendothelial system, of intravenously injected colloidal carbon. K values of ND-1 germfree mice were lower than values for their conventional controls, but there was no difference between ND-2 and C57 germfree and their controls. Germfree ND-1 mice had lower K values than germfree ND-2 or C57. Clearance rates were correlated to relative combined weights of liver and spleen. There was no significant difference in α values among these animals, indicating that although the liver + spleen weights of ND-1 were lower, these organs were not atrophied or nonfunctional. When the germfree mice with smaller liver + spleen weights were "conventionalized," relative liver + spleen weight increased as did their K values. No such increase was noted with conventionalized ND-2 mice. In other laboratories, ND-1 mice were found to be more susceptible to infectious agents than ND-2.

Proliferation of the reticuloendothelial system in the liver

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (5) ◽  
pp. 1134-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lola S. Kelly ◽  
Ernest L. Dobson ◽  
Caroline R. Finney ◽  
J. Dorothy Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Disappearance Rate ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Colloidal Carbon ◽  
Littoral Cells ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

The rate of removal from blood of intravenously injected colloidal carbon was used to measure the functional capacity of liver phagocytes. The carbon disappearance rate constant was initially reduced and gradually returned to normal following injection into mice of saccharated iron oxide or colloidal carbon. This index of phagocytic activity increased above normal after zymosan, estradiol or bacterial endotoxin administration. To determine whether these increases were associated with cell proliferation, liver DNA synthesis was measured. Incorporation of radioactive phosphate into DNA of mouse livers rose markedly after administration of these substances. To characterize the cell type responsible for the large increases in DNA synthesis, radioautographs of liver sections were prepared from mice previously given tritium-labeled thymidine. The label was rarely seen in parenchymal cells, whereas many littoral cells were labeled.

Maintenance of Normal Circulating Levels of Δ4-Androstenedione and Dehydroepiandrosterone in Simple Obesity despite Increased Metabolic Clearance Rates

1987 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 700-701
Author(s):  
BRYAN R. KURTZ ◽  
JAMES R. GIVENS ◽  
SURAT KOMINDR ◽  
MICHAEL D. STEVENS ◽  
JAMES G. KARAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Simple Obesity ◽  
Circulating Levels

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPLANCHNIC, HEPATIC AND RENAL CLEARANCE RATES TO THE METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATE OF CORTISOL IN CONSCIOUS SHEEP

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. PANARETTO ◽  
J. Y. F. PATERSON ◽  
F. HILLS
Keyword(s):  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Plasma Flow ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Metabolic Clearance Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Conscious Sheep ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARY The uptake of cortisol by organs in the splanchnic area of conscious, undisturbed sheep was estimated before and during the administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) by measuring cortisol concentration differences in portal and hepatic venous plasma and estimating hepatic plasma flow rates. Metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of plasma cortisol were measured simultaneously. The total splanchnic clearance of cortisol was 61% of MCR in the animal, 48% being accounted for by the liver. When ACTH was given there were increases in MCR and these were accompanied by proportional increases in hepatic plasma flow rates. When ACTH was infused the total splanchnic clearance rate was 65% of MCR, 52–59% being accounted for by the liver. In other experiments the renal clearance rate of cortisol was studied. Under control conditions, and when ACTH was given, the renal clearance was 11% of MCR. The relationship of the sum of individual clearances to MCR is compared and discussed.

METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATES OF PREGNENOLONE, 17-ACETOXYPREGNENOLONE AND THEIR SULPHATE ESTERS IN MAN AND IN RABBIT

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Y. WANG ◽  
R. D. BULBROOK ◽  
F. ELLIS ◽  
M. M. COOMBS
Keyword(s):  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Metabolic Clearance Rate ◽  
Free Steroid

SUMMARY The metabolic clearance rates, distribution volumes and half-lives of pregnenolone, 17-acetoxypregnenolone and their sulphate esters were determined in man and in the rabbit. Pregnenolone was cleared about three times more quickly than pregnenolone sulphate in both species. The metabolic clearance rate of 17-acetoxypregnenolone sulphate is greater in the rabbit than in man, whether expressed in absolute terms or in relation to the metabolic clearance rate of the free steroid. The slow clearance rate of 17-acetoxypregnenolone sulphate in man is similar to that of testosterone sulphate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and cholesterol sulphate; but is unlike that of pregnenolone sulphate, which is cleared approximately ten times as quickly.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS ON METABOLISM

1961 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Joe Berry ◽  
Dorothy S. Smythe
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Mouse Serum ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

There exists an inverse proportionality between number of heat-killed cells of Salmonella typhimurium injected intraperitoneally into mice and the quantity of urinary nitrogen the animals excrete during a 17 hour period following the subcutaneous administration of 2 units of ACTH. This relationship has been developed into an assay for bacterial endotoxin. Mice immunized against S. typhimurium require 10 to 20 times the number of cells needed by control animals to suppress urinary nitrogen excretion to the same extent. Intravenous saccharated iron oxide sensitizes animals so that fewer heat-killed salmonellae can be detected. Heat-killed cells of Staphylococcus aureus are without effect in the assay. Several lipopolysaccharides derived from Gram-negative bacteria are effective in preventing the rise of urinary nitrogen excreted in response to ACTH and the amount required, compared to the LD50, is in the same ratio for all of them. Citrated mouse serum partially inactivates the endotoxin during in vitro incubation for 1 hour at 37°C. while normal serum does not. Dichloroisoproterenol protects mice against the lethal effects of lipopolysaccharide and it lowers its effectiveness in the assay. The minimum amount of endotoxin reliably determined by the test is 0.25 µg. of an E. coli preparation that was given intravenously in mice in which the reticuloendothelial system had been "blocked" with saccharated iron oxide.

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