scholarly journals Characteristics of myoelectrical activities along the small intestine and their responses to test meals of different glycemic index in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (5) ◽  
pp. R997-R1003
Author(s):  
Yi Liu ◽  
Feng Ye ◽  
Sujuan Zhang ◽  
Shiying Li ◽  
Jiande Chen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Myoelectrical Activity ◽  
Entire Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Slow Waves

The purpose of this study was to characterize intestinal myoelectrical activity along the small intestine and investigate its responses to test meals with different glycemic index at different locations. Sixteen rats were implanted with electrodes in the serosal surface of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Intestinal myoelectrical activities were recorded from these electrodes for 30 min in the fasting state and 3 h after four kinds of meals with different glycemic index, together with the assessment of blood glucose. The results were as follows: 1) in the fasting state, the percentage of normal intestinal slow waves (%NISW) showed no difference; however, the dominant frequency (DF), power (DP), and percentage of spike activity superimposed on the intestinal slow wave (NS/M) were progressively decreased along the entire small intestine; 2) regular solid meal and Ensure solicited no changes in any parameters of intestinal myoelectrical activity; whereas glucose and glucose + glucagon significantly altered the %NISW, DF, DP, and NS/M, and the effects on the proximal intestine were opposite to those in the distal intestine; and 3) postprandial blood glucose level was significantly correlated with %NISW along the entire small intestine. We found that that, in addition to the well-known frequency gradient, there is also a gradual decrease in the DP and spikes along the small intestine in the fasting state. Glucose and hyperglycemic meals inhibit myoelectrical activities in the proximal small intestine but result in enhanced but more dysrhythmic intestinal myoelectrical activities. There is a significant negative correlation between the normality of intestinal slow waves and blood glucose.

Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity in conscious guinea pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (1) ◽  
pp. G92-G99 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Galligan ◽  
M. Costa ◽  
J. B. Furness
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Gastric Antrum ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Myoelectric Activity ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Intestinal Slow Waves

Myoelectric activity was recorded from the gastric antrum and small intestine of conscious, unrestrained guinea pigs using bipolar Ag-Ag chloride electrodes that had been previously implanted under pentobarbital sodium/Innovar anesthesia. In fasted guinea pigs, the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) was recorded from the small intestine and was observed to propagate aborally at a speed that declined with distance from the pylorus (range of speeds of the front of phase 3: 17.5 cm/min in the duodenum to 4.1 cm/min in the ileum). The complex was not disrupted by feeding but occurred less frequently in the freely fed state (82-min cycle period in the fasted state versus 139 min in the fed state). The complex started in the duodenum and was accompanied by a brief (6.3 +/- 0.9 min) period of inhibition of antral myoelectric activity. Slow waves were also recorded from the gastric antrum (10.3 +/- 1.3/min) and the small intestine. The frequency of intestinal slow waves was uniform along the length of the bowel (26.2 +/- 1.3/min in the duodenum to 24.7 +/- 1.3/min in the ileum). It is concluded that the guinea pig is similar to other mammalian species, so far examined, in its pattern of gastrointestinal myoelectric activity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Obesity Prevention, Blood Glucose, and Blood Lipid Control of Vietnamese Rice Varieties in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Thuy Linh Nguyen ◽  
Khanh Son Trinh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Rice Varieties

Five Vietnamese rice varieties, which differ in their basic chemical composition (starch content, amylose content, fiber content) including polished rices and whole grain rices, were chosen for this study. High-fat diet-induced obesity, using these rice, was subjected to in vivo experiments to evaluate the effects of body weight gain, caloric intake, postprandial blood glucose level (PBGL), and glycemic index (GI) in tested mice groups. PBGL peaks appeared at 30th minute after eating, and GI of each experimental group was ranked in order as GN > TL > HR > GM > L Đ and GN > LT > HR > L Đ >   GM , respectively, in which, brown rice (LĐ) and germinated brown rice (GM) had low GI. Furthermore, these rice varieties caused the lowest LDL cholesterol and the ratio of LDL/HDL cholesterols in mice. In this study, the higher the amylose and fiber contents were, the lower glycemic index, triglycerides, LDL, and LDL/HDL values were. The golden flower glutinous rice (GN), with low amylose and fiber content, gave worse blood lipid parameters than that of GM and LĐ. Histopathological studies of white adipose and liver tissues showed that LĐ and GM significantly reduced the symptoms of obesity and fatty liver compared with the others, especially compared to GN. The results obtained from this study help patients with overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes choose the right rice variety for their daily diet to be able to control their diseases.

scholarly journals Effects of commonly consumed traditional fortified staple meals on the postprandial blood glucose responses of undergraduate students in Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria: an open-label study

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Chinagorom Asinobi ◽  
Henritta Uzoagba ◽  
Angela Mba-Anyadioha ◽  
Nnodim Johnkennedy
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
The Mean

Background: Diabetics Mellitus a chronic metabolic disorder that prevents the body to utilize glucose completely or partially requires low caloric diets. Unfortunately, Nigerian traditional menu is based on starchy foods. Many diabetic individuals had been ignorantly oriented to consume some staple foods that are believed to have lower calorie than others for low blood glucose response.The study is focused on determining the glycemic index of commonly consumed fortified staple foods as well as determining the extent of their effects on the postprandial blood glucose responses of undergraduate students.Methods: Fifteen volunteered non- diabetic undergraduate students aged 20 – 25yrs on which standard oral glucose tolerate test was performed were selected and were asked to report at the study centre each day after overnight fasting (10 – 12hrs) with certain precautions by 8am for a period of 5days for different prepared test meals from the commonly consumed fortified staple food; namely; beans stew, rice stew, yam stew, unripe plantain stew and garri and stew. Fasting blood samples (2ml each) were collected from the prominent arm veins of each student prior to the eating of one of the test meals on each day. Each test meal contains 50g carbohydrate portion per meal. After the meals had been eaten, 2ml venous blood samples were collected at 30minutes interval for 120 minutes each day from each student and put into the specimen bottles for blood glucose estimations. Also the random sugar was determined 2hours later. A glucometer was used for measuring the blood sugar using test strips. The mean values of postprandial glucose blood sugar for each test meals for the selected students were obtained.Results: The glycemic index of the commonly consumed fortified staple test meals was highest in rice stew (107.7± 8.4), followed by yam stew (102.4±1.8), garri and stew (101.4±11.8), beans stew (86.9±6.7), and unripe plantain stew (81.8±8.4) in that order. The carbohydrate content of the commonly consumed fortified staple test meals was highest in garri with soup (68.2±0.2g) and lowest in unripe plantain stew while the fibre content was highest in plantain stew (5.8±0.4g) and lowest in rice stew (2.8±0.12g). The mean blood oral glucose tolerance test of the students was below 100mg/dl but has the mean peak after an hour interval (112.8±7.3mg/dl) the test food meals were ingested.The highest increase on the postprandial blood glucose after ingestion of the test meals was highest for garri and stew test meal (97.2±14.7mg/dl) but lowest for unripe plantain stew meal (85.574.3±11.6mg/dl) after 60 minutes the test meals were ingested.The random blood sugar test was highest in garri and soup (93.1±2.4mg/dl), followed by beans stew (88.4±4.9mg/dl), and lowest in plantain stew (74.3±11.6mg/dl) test meals after 2hrs the test meals were ingested.Conclusion: Unripe plantain stew meal had the lowest glycemic index response, with lowest postprandial blood glucose response after for the period of time the test meal were ingested.. This could be attributed to the relatively higher level of fibre content of the unripe plantain than other test meals.Key Words: glycemic index, postprandial blood glucose concentrations, glucose tolerance test   

331-OR: Glycemic Index and Postprandial Blood Glucose Excursions, Insulin Requirements, and Hunger in T1D

Diabetes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 331-OR
Author(s):  
BELINDA S. LENNERZ ◽  
DONALD C. SIMONSON ◽  
GARRY M. STEIL ◽  
DAVID S. LUDWIG
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Insulin Requirements

scholarly journals Effects and mechanisms of gastrointestinal electrical stimulation on slow waves: a systematic canine study

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (5) ◽  
pp. R1392-R1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Sun ◽  
Geng-Qing Song ◽  
Jieyun Yin ◽  
Yong Lei ◽  
Jiande D. Z. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Intestinal Slow Waves ◽  
Canine Study ◽  
Dominant Frequencies

The aims of this study were to determine optimal pacing parameters of electrical stimulation on different gut segments and to investigate effects and possible mechanisms of gastrointestinal electrical stimulation on gut slow waves. Twelve female hound-mix dogs were used in this study. A total of six pairs of electrodes were implanted on the stomach, duodenum, and ascending colon. Bilateral truncal vagotomy was performed in six of the dogs. One experiment was designed to study the effects of the pacing frequency on the entrainment of gut slow waves. Another experiment was designed to study the modulatory effects of the vagal and sympathetic pathways on gastrointestinal pacing. The frequency of slow waves was 4.88 ± 0.23 cpm (range, 4–6 cpm) in the stomach and 19.68 ± 0.31 cpm (range, 18–22 cpm) in the duodenum. There were no consistent or dominant frequencies of the slow waves in the colon. The optimal parameters to entrain slow waves were: frequency of 1.1 intrinsic frequency (IF; 10% higher than IF) and pulse width of 150–450 ms (mean, 320.0 ± 85.4 ms) for the stomach, and 1.1 IF and 10–20 ms for the small intestine. Electrical stimulation was not able to alter colon slow waves. The maximum entrainable frequency was 1.27 IF in the stomach and 1.21 IF in the duodenum. Gastrointestinal pacing was not blocked by vagotomy nor the application of an α- or β-adrenergic receptor antagonist; whereas the induction of gastric dysrhythmia with electrical stimulation was completely blocked by the application of the α- or β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Gastrointestinal pacing is achievable in the stomach and small intestine but not the colon, and the maximal entrainable frequency of the gastric and small intestinal slow waves is about 20% higher than the IF. The entrainment of slow waves with gastrointestinal pacing is not modulated by the vagal or sympathetic pathways, suggesting a purely peripheral or muscle effect.

Hydrolyzed guar gum decreases postprandial blood glucose and glucose absorption in the rat small intestine

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Takahashi ◽  
Takeo Yokawa ◽  
Noriyuki Ishihara ◽  
Tsutomu Okubo ◽  
Djong-Chi Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Rat Small Intestine

scholarly journals Effect of Pseudocereal-Based Breakfast Meals on the First and Second Meal Glucose Tolerance in Healthy and Diabetic Subjects

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreef G.N. Gabrial ◽  
Marie-Christine R. Shakib ◽  
Gamal N. Gabrial
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Blood Glucose Response ◽  
Baseline Levels

BACKGROUND: Many studies have indicated that the incidence of serious diabetic complications may be reduced through strict glycemic control. A low glycemic index diet is one tool to improve insulin resistance and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).AIM: The objective was to study the effect of pseudocereals-based breakfasts (quinoa and buckwheat) on glucose variations at first meal (breakfast) and second meal (standardised lunch) in healthy and diabetic subjects.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twelve healthy subjects and 12 patients with Type 2 DM (not- insulin dependent) were recruited in the study. Subjects were provided with quinoa and buckwheat breakfast meals. A standardised lunch was provided 4 h after breakfast. Postprandial blood glucose response after breakfast and the second meal effect was measured in healthy and diabetic subjects. Incremental area under the curve (IAUC) values for glucose was measured in response to the breakfast and lunch. The glycemic index of the 2 pseudocereals-based test breakfasts was determined. A white wheat bread (WWB) was served as a reference breakfast meal.RESULTS: In post-breakfast analyses, healthy subjects showed that buckwheat meal had significantly lower IAUC values for blood glucose compared to WWB reference meal (P < 0.001) while quinoa meal showed no significance. In diabetic subjects, buckwheat and quinoa meals had significantly lower IAUC values for blood glucose compared to WWB reference meal (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 respectively). Blood glucose concentrations started to decline gradually for the quinoa and buckwheat but not for WWB in all healthy and diabetic subjects and returned to near-fasting baseline levels by 210 min. Post-lunch analyses indicated higher IAUC for the two breakfast types in healthy and diabetic subjects. In addition, the quinoa and buckwheat breakfast meals were followed by a significantly flatter blood glucose response to the second meal for the period between 270 and 330 min. At the end of the second meal period, values were below or near-fasting baseline levels in the breakfast period. The blood glucose concentration after consuming quinoa meal showed a high peak at 30 min similar to that of WWB reference meal. This peak resulted in a high glycemic index (GI) for quinoa (89.4). The GI of buckwheat recorded a low value (26.8).CONCLUSION: The two studied pseudocereals; quinoa and buckwheat have high potential to improve glucose tolerance at the first and second meal (lunch) and are recommended to be introduced in our daily diet for healthy and diabetic subjects.

scholarly journals Effects of 1,5-anhydroglucitol on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels and hydrogen excretion in rats and healthy humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadako Nakamura ◽  
Kenichi Tanabe ◽  
Kazuhiro Yoshinaga ◽  
Fumio Shimura ◽  
Tsuneyuki Oku
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Intestinal Glucose Absorption ◽  
Blood Glucose Elevation

AbstractThe inhibition by 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol (1,5-AG) was determined on disaccharidases of rats and humans. Then, the metabolism and fate of 1,5-AG was investigated in rats and humans. Although 1,5-AG inhibited about 50 % of sucrase activity in rat small intestine, the inhibition was less than half of d-sorbose. 1,5-AG strongly inhibited trehalase and lactase, whereas d-sorbose inhibited them very weakly. 1,5-AG noncompetitively inhibited sucrase. The inhibition of 1,5-AG on sucrase and maltase was similar between humans and rats. 1,5-AG in serum increased 30 min after oral administration of 1,5-AG (600 mg) in rats, and mostly 100 % of 1,5-AG was excreted into the urine 24 h after administration. 1,5-AG in serum showed a peak 30 min after ingestion of 1,5-AG (20 g) by healthy subjects, and decreased gradually over 180 min. About 60 % of 1,5-AG was excreted into the urine for 9 h following ingestion. Hydrogen was scarcely excreted in both rats and humans 24 h after administration of 1,5-AG. Furthermore, 1,5-AG significantly suppressed the blood glucose elevation, and hydrogen excretion was increased following the simultaneous ingestion of sucrose and 1,5-AG in healthy subjects. 1,5-AG also significantly suppressed the blood glucose elevation following the simultaneous ingestion of glucose and 1,5-AG; however, hydrogen excretion was negligible. The available energy of 1,5-AG, which is absorbed readily from the small intestine and excreted quickly into the urine, is 0 kJ/g (0 kcal/g). Furthermore, 1,5-AG might suppress the blood glucose elevation through the inhibition of sucrase, as well as intestinal glucose absorption.

Influence of Training Status on Glycemic Index

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Mettler ◽  
Caspar Wenk ◽  
Paolo C. Colombani
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Training Status ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Regular Physical Exercise ◽  
Sedentary Subjects ◽  
Complex Foods

The glycemic index (GI) represents the relative postprandial blood glucose response to the ingestion of a food containing carbohydrate. Although regular physical exercise may influence glucose metabolism, it is not yet known if chronically performed exercise also affects the GI. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the GI of common meals (three breakfast cereals: B, C, D) in healthy, nonsmoking young males who were either endurance-trained (n = 12) or sedentary (n = 11). Glucose was used as the reference food. The GI value between the endurance-trained and sedentary subjects differed significantly (p < 0.01). Pair-wise comparisons between endurance-trained and sedentary subjects within the different test meals were significant for test meal D (p = 0.002), marginally non-significant for meal C (p = 0.052) and not significant for meal B (p = 0.204). These results suggest that the GI of some complex foods may depend on the training status of healthy young subjects.

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