scholarly journals Preserved glycemic control and baroreflex efficacy in young adult hypertensive female obese Zucker rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parul Chaudhary ◽  
Paromita Das-Earl ◽  
Ann M. Schreihofer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats ◽  
Fos Expression ◽  
Old Females

Obese Zucker rats (OZRs) develop hypertension and hyperinsulinemia by 3 months of age. Male OZRs also have diminished baroreflex-mediated activation of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and bradycardia, which are improved by correcting their hyperglycemia. Conversely, 3-month-old female OZRs and lean Zucker rats (LZRs) have equivalent baroreflex-mediated bradycardia that is impaired in 6-month-old OZRs. We hypothesized that 3-month-old female OZRs maintain NTS activation and baroreflexes coincident with glycemic control. We also hypothesized that 6-month-old female OZRs develop impaired baroreflexes with hyperglycemia and diminished NTS activation. In 12-16-week-old females, sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial pressure (AP) were higher in OZRs than LZRs. However, baroreflex-mediated inhibition of SNA and bradycardia were equivalent in female OZRs and LZRs. Unlike deficits in male OZRs, female OZRs and LZRs had no differences in phenylephrine-induced c-Fos expression in NTS or decreases in SNA and AP evoked by glutamate into NTS. Compared to hyperglycemia in male OZRs (217.9±34.4mg/dl), female OZRs had normal fed blood glucose levels (108.2±1.6mg/dl in LZRs and 113.6±3.5mg/dl in OZRs) with emerging glucose intolerance. Conscious 24-27-week-old female OZRs had impaired baroreflex-mediated bradycardia, but fed blood glucose was modestly elevated (124.2±5.2mg/dl) and phenylephrine-induced c-Fos expression in NTS was comparable to LZRs. These data suggest better glycemic control in 3-month-old female OZRs prevents diminished NTS activation and baroreflexes, supporting the notion that hyperglycemia impairs these responses in male OZRs. However, 6-month-old female OZRs had impaired baroreflex efficacy without diminished NTS activation or pronounced hyperglycemia, suggesting baroreflex deficits develop by different mechanisms in female and male OZRs.

scholarly journals Improved glucose homeostasis in male obese Zucker rats coincides with enhanced baroreflexes and activation of the nucleus tractus solitarius

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (6) ◽  
pp. R1195-R1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parul Chaudhary ◽  
Ann M. Schreihofer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Baroreflex Control ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats

Young adult male obese Zucker rats (OZR) develop insulin resistance and hypertension with impaired baroreflex-mediated bradycardia and activation of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Because type 1 diabetic rats also develop impaired baroreflex-mediated NTS activation, we hypothesized that improving glycemic control in OZR would enhance compromised baroreflexes and NTS activation. Fasting blood glucose measured by telemetry was comparable in OZR and lean Zucker rats (LZR) at 12–17 wk. However, with access to food, OZR were chronically hyperglycemic throughout this age range. By 15–17 wk of age, tail samples yielded higher glucose values than those measured by telemetry in OZR but not LZR, consistent with reports of exaggerated stress responses in OZR. Injection of glucose (1g/kg ip) produced larger rises in glucose and areas under the curve in OZR than LZR. Treatment with metformin (300 mg·kg−1·day−1) or pioglitazone (5 mg·kg−1·day−1) in drinking water for 2–3 wk normalized fed glucose levels in OZR with no effect in LZR. After metformin treatment, area under the curve for blood glucose after glucose injection was reduced in OZR and comparable to LZR. Hyperinsulinemia was slightly reduced by each treatment in OZR, but insulin was still greatly elevated compared with LZR. Neither treatment reduced hypertension in OZR, but both treatments significantly improved the blunted phenylephrine-induced bradycardia and NTS c-Fos expression in OZR with no effect in LZR. These data suggest that restoring glycemic control in OZR enhances baroreflex control of heart rate by improving the response of the NTS to raising arterial pressure, even in the presence of hyperinsulinemia and hypertension.

scholarly journals Development of attenuated baroreflexes in obese Zucker rats coincides with impaired activation of nucleus tractus solitarius

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (9) ◽  
pp. R681-R692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila S. Guimaraes ◽  
Domitila A. Huber ◽  
Maria J. Campagnole-Santos ◽  
Ann M. Schreihofer
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats ◽  
Fos Expression ◽  
Stimulation Of

Adult obese Zucker rats (OZR; >12 wk) develop elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) with impaired baroreflexes compared with adult lean Zucker rats (LZR) and juvenile OZR (6–7 wk). In adult OZR, baroreceptor afferent nerves respond normally to changes in MAP, whereas electrical stimulation of baroreceptor afferent fibers produces smaller reductions in SNA and MAP compared with LZR. We hypothesized that impaired baroreflexes in OZR are linked to reduced activation of brain stem sites that mediate baroreflexes. In conscious adult rats, a hydralazine (HDZ)-induced reduction in MAP evoked tachycardia that was initially blunted in OZR, but equivalent to LZR within 5 min. In agreement, HDZ-induced expression of c-Fos in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) was comparable between groups. In contrast, phenylephrine (PE)-induced rise in MAP evoked markedly attenuated bradycardia with dramatically reduced c-Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of adult OZR compared with LZR. However, in juvenile rats, PE-induced hypertension evoked comparable bradycardia in OZR and LZR with similar or augmented c-Fos expression in NTS of the OZR. In urethane-anesthetized rats, microinjections of glutamate into NTS evoked equivalent decreases in SNA, heart rate (HR), and MAP in juvenile OZR and LZR, but attenuated decreases in SNA and MAP in adult OZR. In contrast, microinjections of glutamate into the caudal ventrolateral medulla, a target of barosensitive NTS neurons, evoked comparable decreases in SNA, HR, and MAP in adult OZR and LZR. These data suggest that OZR develop impaired glutamatergic activation of the NTS, which likely contributes to attenuated baroreflexes in adult OZR.

scholarly journals Altered regulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in hypertensive obese Zucker rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (1) ◽  
pp. H230-H240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domitila A. Huber ◽  
Ann M. Schreihofer
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Caudal Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats ◽  
Altered Regulation

Obese Zucker rats (OZR) have elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) compared with lean Zucker rats (LZR). We examined whether altered tonic glutamatergic, angiotensinergic, or GABAergic inputs to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contribute to elevated SNA and MAP in OZR. Male rats (14–18 wk) were anesthetized with urethane (1.5 g/kg iv), ventilated, and paralyzed to record splanchnic SNA, heart rate (HR), and MAP. Inhibition of the RVLM by microinjections of muscimol eliminated SNA and evoked greater decreases in MAP in OZR vs. LZR ( P < 0.05). Antagonism of angiotensin AT1 receptors in RVLM with losartan yielded modest decreases in SNA and MAP in OZR but not LZR ( P < 0.05). However, antagonism of ionotropic glutamate receptors in RVLM with kynurenate produced comparable decreases in SNA, HR, and MAP in OZR and LZR. Antagonism of GABAA receptors in RVLM with gabazine evoked smaller rises in SNA, HR, and MAP in OZR vs. LZR ( P < 0.05), whereas responses to microinjections of GABA into RVLM were comparable. Inhibition of the caudal ventrolateral medulla, a major source of GABA to the RVLM, evoked attenuated rises in SNA and HR in OZR ( P <0.05). Likewise, inhibition of nucleus tractus solitarius, the major excitatory input to caudal ventrolateral medulla, produced smaller rises in SNA and HR in OZR. These results suggest the elevated SNA and MAP in OZR is derived from the RVLM and that enhanced angiotensinergic activation and reduced GABAergic inhibition of the RVLM may contribute to the elevated SNA and MAP in the OZR.

scholarly journals Glucose levels during gestational diabetes pregnancy and the risk of developing postpartum diabetes or prediabetes

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadakarn Phaloprakarn ◽  
Siriwan Tangjitgamol
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Blood glucose levels during pregnancy may reflect the severity of insulin secretory defects and/or insulin resistance during gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy. We hypothesized that suboptimal glycemic control in women with GDM could increase the risk of postpartum type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or prediabetes. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of plasma glucose levels throughout GDM pregnancy on the risk of postpartum T2DM or prediabetes. Methods The medical records of 706 women with GDM who underwent a postpartum 75-g, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test at our institution between January 2011 and December 2018 were reviewed. These women were classified into 2 groups according to glycemic control during pregnancy: ≤ 1 occasion of either fasting glucose ≥ 95 mg/dL or 2-hour postprandial glucose ≥ 120 mg/dL was defined as optimal glycemic control or else was classified as suboptimal glycemic control. Rates of postpartum T2DM and prediabetes were compared between women with optimal (n = 505) and suboptimal (n = 201) glycemic control. Results The rates of postpartum T2DM and prediabetes were significantly higher in the suboptimal glycemic control group than in the optimal glycemic control group: 22.4% vs. 3.0%, P < 0.001 for T2DM and 45.3% vs. 23.5%, P < 0.001 for prediabetes. In a multivariate analysis, suboptimal glucose control during pregnancy was an independent risk factor for developing either postpartum T2DM or prediabetes. The adjusted odds ratios were 8.4 (95% confidence interval, 3.5–20.3) for T2DM and 3.9 (95% confidence interval, 2.5–6.1) for prediabetes. Conclusion Our findings suggest that blood glucose levels during GDM pregnancy have an impact on the risk of postpartum T2DM and prediabetes.

scholarly journals Transient bilateral diabetic cataracts in a Brazilian Terrier puppy

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-712
Author(s):  
Carla de Freitas Campos ◽  
Lilian Stefanoni Ferreira ◽  
Marlos Gonçalves Sousa ◽  
Fernanda Gomes Velasque Gama ◽  
José Luiz Laus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Insulin Therapy ◽  
Lens Opacity ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
And Control

A case of a Brazilian Terrier puppy presenting diabetic lens opacity that restored transparency after insulin therapy and control of blood glucose levels is reported. This entity has been rarely reported in human beings and has not been reported in dogs before. The rapid glycemic control may have been responsible for the transparency recovery.

scholarly journals Evaluation of prescription pattern and efficacy of anti-diabetic drugs in Coimbatore, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Nagarajaperumal Govindasamy ◽  
Mohan Sellappan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Prescribing Pattern ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Improving Health Care

In this present study, 1500 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients were included from Coimbatore zone, Tamil Nadu, India. The blood glucose levels were monitored to correlate the glycemic control with the antidiabetic drug treatment. This study addressed many variabilities in such treatments including the prescribing pattern of various novel entities along with existing drugs for glycemic control, diabetic vascular complexities on Coimbatore zone, lack of relevant scientific data, occurrences of prescription errors, less awareness of the DM patients, the insufficient number of local hospitals and high cost of the medicine. Data analysis was carried out by segregating the DM patients under study according to their blood glucose level. Results demonstrated that brand names of anti-diabetic drugs were taken more frequently by outpatients when contrasted with inpatients. Also, the number of drugs prescribed under generic names were significantly less than prescribe brand names. Prescribed formulations results indicated that tablets were preferred over other formulations. Frequently prescribed twenty-one brands and their combination results demonstrated the popularity of the insulin human Mixtard® injection 30-40 IU. Moreover, frequently prescribed 21 branded drugs' cost were analyzed. It can be concluded from the current work that appropriate steps should be taken to raise awareness of the DM patients in Coimbatore zone so that they can follow the specialists' instruction for better hyperglycemia control. Finally, it can be suggested that the Tamil Nadu Government should put more effort on improving health care support in Coimbatore zone.Govindasamy and Sellappan, International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, April 2017, 6(5): 27-33http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol6Issue5/01.pdf

scholarly journals Correlation between short- and mid-term hemoglobin A1c and glycemic control determined by continuous glucose monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen-Hung Huang ◽  
Yung-Kuo Lin ◽  
Ting-Wei Lee ◽  
Han-Wen Liu ◽  
Yu-Mei Chien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Continuous Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Hemoglobin A1c ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Abstract Background Glucose monitoring is vital for glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) measures whole-day glucose levels. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a vital outcome predictor in patients with DM. Methods This study investigated the relationship between HbA1c and CGM, which remained unclear hitherto. Data of patients with DM (n = 91) who received CGM and HbA1c testing (1–3 months before and after CGM) were retrospectively analyzed. Diurnal and nocturnal glucose, highest CGM data (10%, 25%, and 50%), mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), percent coefficient of variation (%CV), and continuous overlapping net glycemic action were compared with HbA1c values before and after CGM. Results The CGM results were significantly correlated with HbA1c values measured 1 (r = 0.69) and 2 (r = 0.39) months after CGM and 1 month (r = 0.35) before CGM. However, glucose levels recorded in CGM did not correlate with the HbA1c values 3 months after and 2–3 months before CGM. MAGE and %CV were strongly correlated with HbA1c values 1 and 2 months after CGM, respectively. Diurnal blood glucose levels were significantly correlated with HbA1c values 1–2 months before and 1 month after CGM. The nocturnal blood glucose levels were significantly correlated with HbA1c values 1–3 months before and 1–2 months after CGM. Conclusions CGM can predict HbA1c values within 1 month after CGM in patients with DM.

Gingival Crevicular Blood Glucose Detection: Screening for Diabetes in the Dental OPD

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Pathological Effect ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Periodontal Inflammation ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Screening And Diagnosis ◽  
Control Diabetes

The key to successful management of any disease is its timely screening and diagnosis. Undetected and uncontrolled diabetes increases the chances of oral diseases, especially periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis and diabetes are two mutually related pathologies and are known to aggravate each other’s pathological effect. Since diabetes acts as an important risk factor for periodontal inflammation, it is essential to screen blood glucose levels to detect diabetes in patients presenting with chronic periodontitis. Periodontal inflammation produces ample gingival bleeding (gingival crevicular blood: GCB) during examination by the periodontal probe, which could be utilized to evaluate blood glucose levels and glycemic control at the dental office. Early screening and diagnosis of diabetes intervenes in the long-term complications of both the diseases and helps in better disease management. The objective of this review was to highlight the reliability and acceptability of different techniques using gingival crevicular blood for evaluation of blood glucose levels along with their advantages and limitations. By this literature review, we analysed over 60 studies published regarding the use of gingival crevicular blood for screening diabetes in periodontitis patients. The data was gathered via Google scholar and Medline using the keywords “Periodontitis, Inflammation, Glycemic control, Diabetes, Gingival crevicular blood” from the years 1993-2019. Keywords: Periodontitis; Inflammation; Glycemic Control; Diabetes; Gingival Crevicular Blood

Glycemic Control in Neurocritically Ill Patients

2019 ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Carla P. Venegas-Borsellino ◽  
Michael A. Pizzi ◽  
Santiago Naranjo-Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and variable blood glucose levels are associated with poor outcomes in critically ill patients. Patients with acute brain injury are sensitive to changes in glycemic levels because brain metabolism depends on a continuous, reliable supply of glucose. Numerous studies have shown that even moderate hypoglycemia may cause pronounced neuroglycopenia. Conversely hyperglycemia, which is prevalent in neurocritically ill patients, has been related to adverse outcomes after traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

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