scholarly journals Sensory functions of the liver--a review

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. R5-R20 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Sawchenko ◽  
M. I. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensory Receptors ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Afferent Innervation ◽  
Lines Of Evidence ◽  
Sensory Functions

In this paper we critically review anatomic, electrophysiological, physiological, and behavioral evidence for neural receptors in the liver. Several lines of evidence suggest that the afferent innervation of the liver may be substantial, although few anatomic studies have directly addressed the question of an hepatic sensory supply. On the other hand, there is convincing functional evidence for a variety of hepatic sensory receptors. Hepatic osmo-, ion, and baroreceptors, sensitive to changes in the osmolarity and electrolyte concentrations in blood and to variations in portal venous pressure, modulate diuresis and natriuresis. Metabolic receptors, for which the adequate stimuli have not yet been specified, influence feeding behavior and gastric acid secretion in response to alterations in hepatic metabolism associated with changes in the supply of metabolic fuels. Directions for future research are suggested and general conclusions about the role of hepatic receptors in homeostasis are discussed.

How Politics and Institutions Shape Poverty and Inequality

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brady ◽  
Agnes Blome ◽  
Hanna Kleider
Keyword(s):  
Labor Unions ◽  
State Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Power Resources ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Key Concepts

This article explores the influence of politics and institutions on poverty and inequality. It first considers the general contention that poverty is shaped by the combination of power resources and institutions. On one hand, scholars in the power resources tradition have emphasized the role of class-based collective political actors for mobilizing “power resources” in the state and economy. On the other hand, institutionalists have highlighted the role of formal rules and regulations. The article goes on to discuss the theoretical arguments of power resources theory and the evidence for key power resources (that is, collective political actors like labor unions and parties). It also reviews institutional explanations, focusing on the key concepts and theories and as well as the evidence linking the most salient institutions to poverty. Finally, it examines how state policy influences poverty and presents several challenges for future research.

scholarly journals A survey of social media use in emergency situations: A literature review

2020 ◽  
pp. 026666692091389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najeeb Gambo Abdulhamid ◽  
Daniel Azerikatoa Ayoung ◽  
Armin Kashefi ◽  
Boyce Sigweni
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Research Stream ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
Areas Of Interest

This study reviews literature on the use of Social Media (SM) in emergency response operations while identifying gaps in this research stream that need attention from Information Systems (IS) researchers. The research is grounded in past works and attempts to build on research on the application of SM in emergencies. It focuses on understanding the role of SM in the prevention, management and response to emergencies. The review contains a detailed literature exposition of IS and disasters journals. The appraisal of such research stream led the review to focus on the concept of digital volunteerism as an offshoot of crowdsourcing initiatives. Findings from the review reveal that previous studies overlooked the interfacing challenges between formal and traditional aid agencies on one hand and digital humanitarians on the other. Consequently, we identify gaps in the extant literature and propose areas of interest for future research.

scholarly journals The Conceptualization, Measurement, and Role of Humor as a Character Strength in Positive Psychology

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim R. Edwards ◽  
Rod A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Character Strengths ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Humor Styles ◽  
Prediction Of Outcome ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Character Strength

In positive psychology, humor has been identified as one of 24 character strengths considered ubiquitously important for human flourishing. Unlike the other strengths, humor was a late addition to this classification system and its status as a strength continues to be somewhat controversial. Therefore, the first purpose of this study was to explore the associations between humor and several outcome variables of relevance to positive psychology (happiness, routes to happiness, resilience, and morality). The second purpose was to explore how best to conceptualize and measure humor as a character strength by comparing the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) Humor Scale with the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) in their ability to predict the outcome variables. A sample of 176 participants completed questionnaires assessing the humor and positive psychology constructs. The results indicated that the humor measures significantly predicted most of the outcome variables, supporting the importance of humor in positive psychology. Furthermore, although the VIA-IS Humor scale and positive humor styles on the HSQ showed considerable overlap, the negative humor styles added significantly to the prediction of outcome variables beyond these positive humor measures, supporting the importance of assessing maladaptive as well as adaptive uses of humor in research on positive psychology. These findings suggest that the HSQ may be a more useful measure than the VIA-IS Humor scale in future research in this field.

Gender Differences and Socioeconomic Status Biases in Judgments About Blame in Date Rape Scenarios

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Black ◽  
David J. Gold
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Date Rape ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Bus Driver

Participants (80 men, 80 women) read hypothetical date rape scenarios, wherein the perpetrator’s socioeconomic status (bus driver versus doctor) and the victim’s level of resistance (verbal versus verbal and physical) were varied, and made judgments about who was at fault and what the consequences should be. In general, men assigned more blame to the victim and less blame to the perpetrator than did women. However, men assigned more blame to the bus driver than to the doctor. Women, on the other hand, assigned more blame to the victim who was raped by the bus driver than to the victim who was raped by the doctor. The results also indicated that participants recommended harsher punishments for the perpetrator when the victim resisted verbally than when she resisted verbally and physically. Future research on the role of the perpetrator’s, the victim’s, and the participants’ socioeconomic status in judgments about date rape is suggested.

scholarly journals The effect of urea synthesis on extracellular pH in isolated perfused rat liver

1986 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Häussinger ◽  
W Gerok ◽  
H Sies
Keyword(s):  
Liver Perfusion ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isolated Perfused Rat Liver ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Perfused Rat Liver ◽  
Extracellular Acidification ◽  
Isolated Liver ◽  
Stimulation Of

In a non-recirculating system of isolated liver perfusion, stimulation of urea synthesis by NH4Cl is followed by a decrease of effluent pH by up to 0.2 pH unit. This effect is not observed when urea synthesis is inhibited by amino-oxyacetate or norvaline. When the urea formed by the liver is immediately hydrolysed with urease before the effluent perfusate reaches the pH electrode, the urea-synthesis-induced acidification is no longer observed. This indicates that accompanying alterations in hepatic metabolism after stimulation of urea synthesis, such as increased energy provision and consumption, are not responsible for the extracellular acidification, but that the effect is due to the formation of urea itself. The acidification of the extracellular space after stimulation of urea synthesis by NH4Cl is quantitatively explained by the consumption of 2 mol of HCO3-/mol of urea formed: 1 mol being incorporated into urea, the other being protonated to yield CO2 and H2O. The data match the theoretically predicted HCO3- consumption during ureogenesis and underline the role of hepatic urea synthesis for disposal of HCO3- by converting it into the excretable products CO2 and urea.

scholarly journals The Role of NF-κB in PPARα-Mediated Hepatocarcinogenesis

PPAR Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard P. Glauert ◽  
Karen Calfee-Mason ◽  
Yixin Li ◽  
Vani Nilakantan ◽  
Michelle L. Twaroski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferators ◽  
Liver Carcinogenesis ◽  
Carcinogenic Activity ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

In this review, the role of NF-κB in the induction of hepatocarcinogenesis by peroxisome proliferators is examined. The administration of peroxisome proliferators for more than a three-day period leads to the activation of NF-κB in the livers of rats and mice. On the other hand, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α(PPARα) activation in non-hepatic tissues can lead to the inhibition of NF-κB activation. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the activation of NF-κB by peroxisome proliferators in the liver is mediated by oxidative stress. The role of NF-κB in peroxisome proliferator-induced hepatocarcinogenesis has been examined using NF-κB knockout models. Specifically, the induction of cell proliferation and the promotion of liver carcinogenesis are inhibited in mice lacking the p50 subunit of NF-κB. Overall, the activation of NF-κB appears to be important in the carcinogenic activity of peroxisome proliferators.

scholarly journals Microbial Arsenic Methylation in Soil and Uptake and Metabolism of Methylated Arsenic in Plants: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 5012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuerong Di ◽  
Luke Beesley ◽  
Zulin Zhang ◽  
Suli Zhi ◽  
Yan Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gene Characterization ◽  
Arsenic Mobility ◽  
Arsenic Methylation ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Uptake And Metabolism ◽  
As Toxicity

Arsenic (As) poses a risk to the human health in excess exposure and microbes play an important role in the toxicity of As. Arsenic methylation mediated by microbes is a key driver of As toxicity in the environment and this paper reviews the role of microbial arsenic methylation and volatilization in the biogeochemical cycle of arsenic. In specific, little is presently known about the molecular mechanism and gene characterization of arsenic methylation. The uptake of methylated arsenic in plants is influenced by microbial arsenic methylation in soil, thus enhancing the volatilization of methylated arsenic is a potential mitigation point for arsenic mobility and toxicity in the environment. On the other hand, the potential risk of methylated arsenic on organisms is also discussed. And the directions for future research, theoretical reference for the control and remediation of arsenic methylation, are presented.

Explaining the Dynamics of the Southeast Asian Political Economy: State, Society, and the Search for Economic Growth

1993 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Hawes ◽  
Hong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Capitalist Class ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Structuralist Framework

This essay reviews two sets of books that explore the origins and dynamics of Southeast Asia's growth and economic transformation. One set of books utilizes a structuralist framework and emphasizes the role of the state in creating a (now) powerful capitalist class. The other set of books utilizes an institutionalist framework to explain how new patterns of private/public sector collaboration have resulted in rapid economic growth. The authors point to weaknesses in both approaches and to areas where the two approaches can be fruitfully synthesized. They also offer suggestions for future research.

Coda

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-162
Author(s):  
Jack Meng-Tat Chia
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Buddhist Modernism ◽  
History Of

The preceding chapters have explored the histories of Chinese Buddhist migration, settlement, integration, and networks in the twentieth century. As noted in the introduction, there are two main themes to this study. The first concerns the attempt to write a connected history of Buddhist communities in China and Southeast Asia. The other explores the role of Chinese diasporic monks in the making of Buddhist modernism in the Malay Archipelagic states of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. This concluding chapter weaves together the threads of each theme and offers some directions for future research.

A Study of the Job Responsibilities of the Field Rehabilitation Teacher

1980 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 386-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamelia S. Young ◽  
Larry R. Dickerson ◽  
William H. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Educational Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Job Responsibilities ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Home Management ◽  
Job Effectiveness ◽  
Visually Handicapped ◽  
Management Communications

A study was undertaken to ascertain the role of a field rehabilitation teacher. A questionnaire was sent to 111 rehabilitation teachers in thirteen southern and western states asking: How is the field rehabilitation teacher's time spent in providing instruction and services to the visually handicapped clients in his or her case load? Other data collected included educational levels and years of experience. The study concluded that the rehabilitation teacher's time is spent primarily in the areas of case recording, home management, communications, counseling, and travel, and this time may be affected by the educational levels and experiences of the teachers. Future research should look more in depth into the time spent in each category in relationship to the educational experience to see how one affects the other in terms of the duties, responsibilities, and job effectiveness of the field rehabilitation teacher.

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