Sweating and body temperatures following abrupt changes in environmental temperature

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Belding ◽  
B. A. Hertig
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Skin Receptors

Human subjects were transferred between environments imposing different levels of heat stress. Analyses of measurements obtained after a reasonably steady state had been achieved in each of several environments revealed equally good correlation between a) sweat rate and ear temperature (tympanic membrane), and b) sweat rate and calculated deep skin temperature (hypothetical). The correlations are consistent with adjustment of sweating in response to either hypothalamic temperature or temperature of skin receptors or some combination of the two. However, during the first 20 min after transfer, changes in sweat rate and skin temperature occurred together and in the same direction, but were not accompanied by any consistent change in ear temperature. Thus, to the extent that ear temperature represents hypothalamic temperature, an hypothesis of control of sweating based on hypothalamic temperature alone is not tenable. Alternative physiological explanations are given for data developed elsewhere and used in support of an hypothesis of sweat control solely from the hypothalamus. Submitted on August 14, 1961

Sweating responses during changes of hypothalamic temperature in the rhesus monkey

1976 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Smiles ◽  
R. S. Elizondo ◽  
C. C. Barney
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Indirect Measurements ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Experimental Analogue ◽  
The Brain

A technique is presented for preparing a durable thermode implant in the hypothalamus of the rhesus monkey. In unanesthetized monkeys implanted with thermodes in the anterior hypothalamic area of the brain, a linear relation was found between local sweat rates on the general body surface and clamped hypothalamic temperature. Changes in skin temperature were found to shift the hypothalamic set-point temperature at which sweating began but did not alter the gain of the hypothalamic temperature-sweat rate relationship. This study provides direct support for the concept that central brain temperature and skin temperature interact additively in the control of sweating in higher primates. Due to the very close similarity between these responses and those seen with indirect measurements of brain temperature in men, the rhesus monkey is seen as an excellent experimental analogue for studying human thermoregulation.

Human skin wettedness and evaporative efficiency of sweating

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Candas ◽  
J. P. Libert ◽  
J. J. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Skin Wettedness ◽  
Evaporative Heat Transfer ◽  
Evaporative Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Different Levels

Rates of evaporation and sweating were recorded for three acclimatized male subjects in hot humid conditions, the ambient parameters of which were set so that the various imposed evaporative rates required the same skin wettedness at different levels of sweating. Rectal and skin temperatures were measured. Results showed that during steady state occurring during the 2nd h of exposure each subject reached the required evaporative rate by means of increases in skin wettedness regardless of the level of sweating; the sweat evaporative efficiency, defined as the ratio between evaporative rate and sweat rate, decreased as skin wettedness increased, in a range between 0.74 and 1.0 Sweat efficiency fell to 0.67 for fully wet skin. The body temperatures did not increase with time if skin wettedness was less than unity. Evaporative heat transfer coefficient (he), maximum evaporative capacity, and wettedness were estimated on the basis of the observed decrease of sweat efficiency. The relationship between skin wettedness and sweat efficiency was interpreted as a combined effect of differences in local he as well as in local sweat rates.

Determination of time-dependent skin temperature decrease rates in the case of abrupt changes of environmental temperature

2000 ◽  
Vol 113 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gita Mall ◽  
Michael Hubig ◽  
Gundolf Beier ◽  
Andreas Büttner ◽  
Wolfgang Eisenmenger
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Temperature Decrease ◽  
Abrupt Changes

Initiation of sweating in man after abrupt rise in environmental temperature

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 984-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Colin ◽  
Yvon Houdas
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Abrupt Rise ◽  
Skin Receptors

In 38 experiments a total of eight men were subjected, after a long waiting period in a neutral environment, to an abrupt rise in environmental temperature. Skin, rectal, oral, and tympanic temperatures, and weight loss were continuously recorded. Two types of responses were seen: a) nonadapted subjects presented a delay in the onset of sweating, with a good correlation between this onset and rise in rectal or tympanic temperature, but without correlation with rise in skin temperature; b) adapted subjects presented an immediate onset of sweating without correlation with rectal temperature, and a second acceleration of sweating corresponding to the rise of rectal temperature. It is concluded that for nonadapted subjects the mechanism of sweating is activated by centrally located receptors, but that in adapted subjects, skin receptors are able to activate the sweating mechanism before central receptors feed their impulses to the heat loss center. rapid rise in temperature; adaptation to warmth; skin, rectal, and tympanic temperatures; adjustable set point; heat loss in man Submitted on August 17, 1964

The effect of hand immersion on body temperature when wearing impermeable clothing

1991 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
A. J. Allsopp ◽  
Kerry A. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
List Type ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rest Periods

AbstractThe effects of hand immersion on body temperature have been investigated in men wearing impermeable NBC clothing. Six men worked continuously at a rate of approximately 490 J.sec−1 in an environmental temperature of 30°C. Each subject was permitted to rest for a period of 20 minutes when their aural temperature reached 37.5°C, and again on reaching 38°C, and for a third time on reaching 38.5°C (three rest periods in total). Each subject completed three experimental conditions whereby, during the rest periods they either: a.Did not immerse their hands (control).b.Immersed both hands in a water bath set at 25°c.c.Immersed both hands in water at 10°C.Physiological measures of core temperature, skin temperature and heart rate were recorded at intervals throughout the experiment.Measures of mean aural temperature and mean skin temperature were significantly (P<0.05) reduced if hands were immersed during these rest periods, compared to non immersion. As a result, the total work time of subjects was extended when in the immersed conditions by some 10–20 minutes within the confines of the protocol.It is concluded that this technique of simple hand immersion may be effective in reducing heat stress where normal routes to heat loss are compromised.

Reflex regulation of sweat rate by skin temperature in exercising humans

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1283-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Johnson ◽  
D. S. O'Leary ◽  
W. F. Taylor ◽  
M. K. Park
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Esophageal Temperature ◽  
Reflex Regulation ◽  
Forearm Skin

To find whether sweat rate (SR) and forearm skin blood flow ( SkBF ) were reflexly affected by skin temperature (Tsk) we used water-perfused suits to rapidly elevate Tsk during exercise. With this elevation in Tsk, there was a period of little net change in esophageal temperature (Tes) but marked responses in SR and SkBF . During this period a rise in Tsk of 4.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C was associated with an increase in SR of 0.44 +/- 0.09 mg X cm-2 X min-1 and an increase in SkBF of 3.27 +/- 0.42 ml X 100 ml-1 X min-1. Multiple linear regression analysis as well as comparison with control studies in which Tsk was kept cool also reveal a consistent role for Tsk in the reflex regulation of SR and SkBF . Responses in SR and FBF were much more marked at levels of Tsk below 33 degrees C. Below a Tsk of 33 degrees C, SR rose 0.30 +/- 0.06 mg X cm-2 X min-1 per degrees C rise in Tsk, whereas above 33 degrees SR rose only 0.05 +/- 0.01 mg X cm2 X min per degrees C. FBF rose 2.81 +/- 0.60 and 0.77 +/- 0.18 ml X 100 ml-1 X min-1 per degrees C rise in Tsk at the lower and upper ranges of Tsk, respectively.

scholarly journals The Impact of Central and Peripheral Cyclooxygenase Enzyme Inhibition on Exercise-Induced Elevations in Core Body Temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 662-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthijs T.W. Veltmeijer ◽  
Dineke Veeneman ◽  
Coen C.C.W. Bongers ◽  
Mihai G. Netea ◽  
Jos W. van der Meer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Core Body ◽  
The Impact

Purpose:Exercise increases core body temperature (TC) due to metabolic heat production. However, the exercise-induced release of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) may also contribute to the rise in TC by increasing the hypothalamic temperature set point. This study investigated whether the exercise-induced increase in TC is partly caused by an altered hypothalamic temperature set point.Methods:Fifteen healthy, active men age 36 ± 14 y were recruited. Subjects performed submaximal treadmill exercise in 3 randomized test conditions: (1) 400 mg ibuprofen and 1000 mg acetaminophen (IBU/APAP), (2) 1000 mg acetaminophen (APAP), and (3) a control condition (CTRL). Acetaminophen and ibuprofen were used to block the effect of IL-6 at a central and peripheral level, respectively. TC, skin temperature, and heart rate were measured continuously during the submaximal exercise tests.Results:Baseline values of TC, skin temperature, and heart rate did not differ across conditions. Serum IL-6 concentrations increased in all 3 conditions. A significantly lower peak TC was observed in IBU/APAP (38.8°C ± 0.4°C) vs CTRL (39.2°C ± 0.5°C, P = .02) but not in APAP (38.9°C ± 0.4°C) vs CTRL. Similarly, a lower ΔTC was observed in IBU/APAP (1.7°C ± 0.3°C) vs CTRL (2.0°C ± 0.5°C, P < .02) but not in APAP (1.7°C ± 0.5°C) vs CTRL. No differences were observed in skin temperature and heart-rate responses across conditions.Conclusions:The combined administration of acetaminophen and ibuprofen resulted in an attenuated increase in TC during exercise compared with a CTRL. This observation suggests that a prostaglandin-E2-induced elevated hypothalamic temperature set point may contribute to the exercise-induced rise in TC.

Comparison of responses of warm and nociceptive C-fiber afferents in monkey with human judgments of thermal pain

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. LaMotte ◽  
J. N. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Painful Stimulation ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Nociceptive Afferents ◽  
Stimulus Temperature

1. Radiant-heat stimuli of different intensities were delivered every 28 s to the thenar eminence of the hand of human subjects and to the receptive fields (RFs) of 58 "mechanothermal nociceptive" and 16 "warm" C-fibers, most of which innervated the glabrous skin of the monkey hand. A CO2 infrared laser under control via a radiometer provided a step increase in skin temperature to a level maintained within +/- 0.1 degrees C over a 7.5-mm-diameter spot. 2. Human subjects categorized the magnitude of warmth and pain sensations evoked by stimuli that ranged in temperature from 40 to 50 degrees C. The scale of subjective thermal intensity constructed from these category estimates showed a monotonically increasing relation between stimulus temperature and the magnitude of warmth and pain sensations. 3. The mechanothermal fibers had a mean RF size of 18.9 +/- 3.2 mm2 (SE), a mean conduction velocity of 0.8 +/- 0.1 m/s, mean thresholds of 43.6 +/- 0.6 degrees C for radiant heat and 5.95 +/- 0.59 bars for mechanical stimulation, and no spontaneous activity. In contrast, warm fibers had punctate RFs, a mean conduction velocity of 1.1 +/- 0.1 m/s, heat thresholds of less than 1 degrees C above skin temperature, no response to mechanical stimulation, and a resting level of activity in warm skin that was suppressed by cooling. 4. The cumulative number of impulses evoked during each stimulation in the nociceptive afferents increased monotonically as a function of stimulus temperature over the range described by humans as increasingly painful (45-50 degrees C). Nociceptive fibers showed little or no response to stimulus temperatures less than 45 degrees C that elicited in humans sensations primarily of warmth but not pain. In contrast, the cumulative impulse count during stimulation of each warm fiber increased monotonically with stimulus temperature over the range of 39-43 degrees C. However, for stimuli of 41-49 degrees C the cumulative impulse count in warm fibers was nonmonotonic with stimulus temperature. Warm-fiber response to stimuli of 45 degrees C or greater usually consisted of a short burst of impulses followed by cessation of activity. 5. The subjective magnitude of warmth and pain sensations in humans and the cumulative impulse count evoked by each stimulus in warm and nociceptive afferents varied inversely with the number, delivery rate, and intensity of preceding stimulations. 6. The results of these experiments suggest the following: a) that activity in the mechanothermal nociceptive C-fibers signals the occurrence of pain evoked by radiant heat, and that the frequency of discharge in these fibers may encode the intensity of painful stimulation; b) that activity in warm fibers may encode the intensity of warmth at lower stimulus temperatures, but is unlikely to provide a peripheral mechanism for encoding the intensity of painful stimulation at higher stimulus temperatures.

The effect of environmental temperature on the growth of vertebrae in the tail of the mouse

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-410
Author(s):  
Janet F. Noel ◽  
E. A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Peripheral Organs ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Caudal Vertebrae ◽  
Local Skin Temperature ◽  
C3h Mice

C3H mice were bred at 30°C and 22°C. At 28 days of age the lengths of the sacral and caudal vertebrae were measured from radiographs and related to the local skin temperature. Growth of the sacral and proximal caudal vertebrae was slightly retarded in the hot environment, but the distal caudal vertebrae showed increased growth which could be quantitatively related to an increase in skin temperature. This suggests that in hot climates the increased growth of peripheral organs of some mammals is due to local increases in tissue temperature.

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