Mechanics of the rib cage and diaphragm during sleep

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Tusiewicz ◽  
H. Moldofsky ◽  
A. C. Bryan ◽  
M. H. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
The Subject

The pattern of motion of the rib cage and abdomen/diaphragm was studied in three normal subjects during sleep. Sleep state was monitored by electroencephalograph and electrocculograph. Intercostal electromyographs (EMG's) were recorded from the second interspace parasternally. Abdominothoracic motion was monitored with magnetometers and these signals calibrated by isovolume lines either immediately before going to sleep, or if there was movement, on awakening. Respiration was recorded using a jerkin plethysmograph. In the awake subject in the supine position, the rib cage contributed 44% to the tidal volume and had essentially the same contribution in quiet sleep. However, in active or rapid eye movement sleep the rib cage contribution fell to 19% of the tidal volume. This was accompanied by a marked reduction in the intercostal EMG. With the subject in the upright position the rib cage appears to be passively driven by the diaphragm. However, the present data suggest that active contraction of the intercostal muscles is required for normal rib cage expansion in the supine position.

Importance of inspiratory muscle tone in maintenance of FRC in the newborn

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 830-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lopes ◽  
N. L. Muller ◽  
M. H. Bryan ◽  
A. C. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Surface Electrodes ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Behavioral Criteria

The importance of inspiratory muscle tone in the maintenance of functional residual capacity (FRC) in newborns was studied in eight premature infants with birth weights of 1,166 +/- 217 g and gestational age 29 +/- 1.9 wk (mean +/- SD). Rib cage and abdominal anteroposterior diameters were monitored with magnetometers, and electromyograms of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles were recorded with surface electrodes. Sleep state was monitored using electrooculogram and behavioral criteria. We assessed the decrease in tonic activity of the inspiratory muscles and the fall in end-expiratory lung volume during apnea compared with the period just preceding apnea. A total of 98 apneas were analyzed. In all instances a decrease in diaphragmatic and intercostal tone was associated with a decrease in the anteroposterior diameter of both rib cage and abdomen, indicating a fall in FRC. These changes were more marked during quiet sleep than during rapid-eye-movement sleep (P less than 0.01). Our results suggest that inspiratory muscle tone is a major determinant of FRC in the newborn.

Coordination between rib cage muscles and diaphragm during quiet breathing in humans

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 899-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Troyer ◽  
M. Estenne
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Intercostal Muscles ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Normal Humans ◽  
Volume Range

The pattern of activation of the scalenes and the parasternal intercostal muscles was studied in relation to the pattern of rib cage and abdominal motion during various respiratory maneuvers in the tidal volume range in five normal humans. Electromyograms (EMG) of the scalenes and parasternal intercostals were recorded with bipolar needle electrodes, and changes in abdominal and rib cage displacement were measured using linearized magnetometers. The scalenes and parasternal intercostals were always active during quiet breathing, and their pattern of activation was identical; in both muscles the EMG activity usually started together with the beginning of inspiration, increased in intensity as inspiration proceeded, and persisted into the early part of expiration. In addition, like the parasternal activity the scalene inspiratory activity persisted until the tidal volume was trivial, increased during tidal inspirations performed with the rib cage alone, and was nearly abolished during diaphragmatic isovolume maneuvers. However, attempts to perform tidal inspiration with the diaphragm alone, while causing an increase in parasternal EMG activity, were associated with a marked reduction or a suppression of scalene EMG activity and a reduced substantially distorted rib cage expansion. In particular, the upper rib cage was then moving paradoxically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Comparison of calibration methods for respiratory inductive plethysmography in infants

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1853-1861 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Revow ◽  
S. J. England ◽  
H. A. Stogryn ◽  
D. L. Wilkes
Keyword(s):  
Compartment Model ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Multiple Points ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Two Compartment Model ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Substantial Change

In infants under the age of 6 mo respiratory inductive plethysmograph (RIP)-calculated tidal volumes (VT) were compared with simultaneously measured volumes using a pneumotachograph (PNT) to 1) assess whether using multiple points (MP) along the inspiratory profile of a breath is superior to using only VT when calculating volume-motion (VM) coefficients, 2) verify the assumption of independent contributions of the abdomen and rib cage to VT, which was accomplished by extending the normal RIP model to include a term representing interaction between these two compartments, and 3) investigate whether VM coefficients are sleep-state dependent. Neither use of multiple points nor inclusion of the interacting term improved the performance of the RIP over that observed using a simple two-compartment model with VT measurements. However, VM coefficients obtained during quiet sleep (QS) were not reliable when used during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, suggesting that coefficients obtained during one sleep state may not be applicable to another state where there is a substantial change in the relative abdominal/rib cage contributions to VT.

Effect of body posture on lung volumes

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Moreno ◽  
Harold A. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Prone Position ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Total Lung Capacity ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
Residual Capacity

The changes produced by body posture on total lung capacity and its subdivisions have been reported for all positions except the prone position. Twenty normal subjects, twelve males and eight females, had determinations of total lung capacity in the three body positions, sitting, supine and prone. Tidal volume, minute ventilation and O2 consumption were also measured. The changes found on assumption of the supine position from the sitting position were similar to those previously reported. For the prone position, a smaller inspiratory capacity and a larger expiratory reserve volume were found. The mean values were changed, respectively, –8% and +37%. Associated with these changes was a significant increase of the functional residual capacity by 636 ml. Ventilation did not change significantly from that found during sitting, unlike the findings associated with the supine position, in which position the tidal volume was decreased. Respiratory frequency remained the same for all positions. Submitted on April 5, 1960

Breathing Patterns and Regional Ventilation Distribution in Tetraplegic Patients and in Normal Subjects

1972 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bake ◽  
A. R. Fugl-Meyer ◽  
G. Grimby
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Small Airway Disease ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Traumatic Transection

1. The regional distribution of ventilation was studied with 133Xe techniques in the sitting position in six patients with complete traumatic transection of the cervical spinal cord, 3–40 months after the lesion, and in four normal subjects. The relative contributions of the rib cage and abdomen to ventilation were determined from chest-wall motions. 2. Total lung capacity (TLC) was decreased and residual volume increased in the patients. After correction for the decreased TLC, the distribution of the regional functional residual capacity in the tetraplegic patients was similar to that of the normal subjects. In the patients, where the abdomen contributed to about half of the tidal volume, decreased ventilation of basal regions was demonstrated from measurements of regional tidal volumes (Vtr) and regional 133Xe wash-in curves. 3. The distribution of ventilation in normal persons, however, was not changed by varying the relative contributions of the rib cage and abdomen to the tidal volume, as shown from Vtr and regional 133Xe wash-out measurements. 4. The results in the tetraplegic patients are interpreted as evidence of ‘small airway disease’, presumably from infection of the air way and impairment of the cough.

Respiratory cross-sectional area-flux measurements of the human chest wall

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1605-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sartene ◽  
P. Martinot-Lagarde ◽  
M. Mathieu ◽  
A. Vincent ◽  
M. Goldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
7 Tesla ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Orientation Effects

A new device that utilizes the voltages induced in separate coils encircling the rib cage and abdomen by a magnetic field is described for measurement of cross-sectional areas of the human chest wall (rib cage and abdomen) and their variation during breathing. A uniform magnetic field (1.4 X 10(-7) Tesla at 100 kHz) is produced by generating an alternating current at 100 kHz in two square coils, 1.98 m on each side, parallel to the planes of the areas to be measured and placed symmetrically cephalad and caudad to these planes at a mean distance of 0.53 m. We demonstrated that the accuracy of the device on well-defined surfaces (squares, circles, rectangles, ellipses) was within 1% in all cases. Observed errors are due primarily to small inhomogeneities of the magnetic field and variation of the orientation of the coil relative to the field. Using a second magnetic field (80 kHz) perpendicular to the first, we measured the errors due to nonparallel orientation during quiet breathing and inspiratory capacity maneuvers. In 10 normal subjects, orientation effects were less than 2% for the rib cage and less than 0.7% for the abdomen. In five of these subjects, orientation effects at functional residual capacity in lateral and seated postures were generally less than or equal to 5%, but estimated tidal volume during spontaneous breathing was comparable to measurements in the supine posture. In five curarized patients, we assessed the linearity of volume-motion relationships of the rib cage and abdomen, comparing cross-sectional area and circumference measurements. Departures from linearity using cross-sectional areas were only one-third of those using circumferences. In seven normal subjects we compared cross-sectional area measurements with respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) and found comparable estimates of lung volume change over a wide range of relative rib cage contributions to tidal volume (-5 to 105%), with slightly higher standard deviations for the RIP (SD = 10% for RIP; SD = 4% for cross-sectional area).

The influence of supine posture on chest wall volume changes is higher in obese than in normal weight children

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
Letícia Silva ◽  
Jacqueline de Melo Barcelar ◽  
Catarina Souza Rattes ◽  
Larissa Bouwman Sayão ◽  
Cyda Albuquerque Reinaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Percentage Contribution ◽  
Supine Posture ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study was to analyze thoraco-abdominal kinematics in obese children in seated and supine positions during spontaneous quiet breathing. An observational study of pulmonary function and chest wall volume assessed by optoelectronic plethysmography was conducted on 35 children aged 8–12 years that were divided into 2 groups according to weight/height ratio percentiles: there were 18 obese children with percentiles greater than 95 and 17 normal weight children with percentiles of 5–85. Pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1); forced vital capacity (FVC); and FEV1/FVC ratio), ventilatory pattern, total and compartment chest wall volume variations, and thoraco-abdominal asynchronies were evaluated. Tidal volume was greater in seated position. Pulmonary and abdominal rib cage tidal volume and their percentage contribution to tidal volume were smaller in supine position in both obese and control children, while abdominal tidal volume and its percentage contribution was greater in the supine position only in obese children and not in controls. No statistically significant differences were found between obese and control children and between supine and seated positions regarding thoraco-abdominal asynchronies. We conclude that in obese children thoraco-abdominal kinematics is influenced by supine posture, with an increase of the abdominal and a decreased rib cage contribution to ventilation, suggesting that in this posture areas of hypoventilation can occur in the lung.

Effect of quiet sleep on resting and CO2-stimulated breathing in humans

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 724-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gothe ◽  
M. D. Altose ◽  
M. D. Goldman ◽  
N. S. Cherniack
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
End Tidal Co2 ◽  
Different Levels

We examined the effects of different levels of inspired CO2 on ventilation and the pattern of breathing in healthy adults during the awake and the stage II quiet-sleep states. During both states, subjects were studied supine with their heads enclosed in a canopy. Tidal volume (VT) was determined from quantitative measurements of abdominal and rib cage excursions with magnetometers. Inspired CO2 was raised by blending CO2-enriched gas into the airflow, which continuously flushed the canopy. During sleep, while room air was breathed, VT decreased significantly from 410 to 360 ml, and respiratory rate also fell from 17 to 16 breaths/min. As a consequence, ventilation was significantly reduced from 6.5 to 5.8 l/min, and end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) rose from 39.1 to 42.5 Torr. Ventilatory responses to CO2 were reduced, on the average, during sleep to 79% of waking levels. The change in average inspiratory flow produced by CO2 was also less during sleep. Waking and sleeping ventilatory responses to CO2 correlated inversely with the rise in end-tidal PCO2 when room air was breathed during sleep. At all levels of VT, the rib cage contribution to VT was greater during quiet sleep than during wakefulness. These findings suggest that quiet sleep, in addition to depressing ventilation and the response to CO2 alters the manner in which VT is attained by rib cage and abdominal displacements.

Relative contributions of the rib cage and the diaphragm to ventilation in man

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 698-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward H. Bergofsky
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Abdominal Pressure ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Work Done

A plethysmographic method was used to partition the tidal volume into two components: that due to rib-cage expansion and that due to diaphragmatic descent. In 15 normal subjects, one-third of the tidal volume was effected by diaphragmatic descent during various situations, i.e., at rest, voluntary respiratory maneuvers, and breathing special gas mixtures. This technic was combined with measurements of intra-abdominal pressure changes in order to measure the extrapulmonary work done by the diaphragm. For ordinary breathing, this work was found to equal the total extrapulmonary work of breathing (rib cage plus diaphragm) measured by passive ventilation in a body respirator, indicating that the rib cage requires no work to move itself until tidal volumes greater than 1 liter are reached. thorax; work of breathing Submitted on October 24, 1963

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