Regional differences in abdominal muscle activity during various maneuvers in humans

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1471-1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Strohl ◽  
J. Mead ◽  
R. B. Banzett ◽  
S. H. Loring ◽  
P. C. Kosch
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Rectus Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Lower Abdomen ◽  
Supine Posture ◽  
Upper Abdomen ◽  
Real Time Ultrasonography

To determine if regional differences exist in the activity of abdominal muscles during respiratory and nonrespiratory maneuvers, we studied four healthy subjects by comparing electromyographic (EMG) activity from surface electrodes placed lateral to rectus muscle, one pair on the upper abdomen and the other on the lower abdomen. In one subject EMG recordings were made from wires placed in various layers of the abdominal wall. Relative positions and changes in size of anatomic structures during maneuvers were determined from real-time ultrasonography of the abdominal wall. Expulsive or valsalva maneuvers evoked the same relative EMG activity in the upper and lower abdomen. In the resting supine posture no EMG activity was detectable; however, in the standing posture greater tonic EMG activity appeared in the lower abdomen. During rebreathing, phasic EMG activity during expiration was greater in the upper than in the lower abdomen in all subjects. Observations from ultrasonographic and electromyographic evaluations suggest that the control of abdominal muscles and their influence on respiratory mechanics are potentially more complex than has been suggested by previous reports.

Abdominal SEMG Feedback for Diaphragmatic Breathing: A Methodological Note

Biofeedback ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Peper ◽  
Annette Booiman ◽  
I-Mei Lin ◽  
Richard Harvey ◽  
Jasmine Mitose
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Breathing Cycle ◽  
Lower Abdomen ◽  
Diaphragmatic Breathing ◽  
Transverse Abdominis ◽  
Upper Abdomen ◽  
Abdominal Movement ◽  
Semg Activity

Diaphragmatic breathing from a developmental perspective is a whole-body process. During exhalation, the abdominal wall contracts, and during inhalation, the abdominal wall relaxes. This pattern is often absent in many clients who tend to lift their chest when they inhale and do not expand their abdomen. Even if their breathing includes some abdominal movement, in many cases only the upper abdomen above the belly button moves while the lower abdomen shows limited or no movement. This article describes factors that contribute to the lack of abdominal movement during breathing, as well as a methodology to record the surface electromyography (SEMG) activity from the lower abdominal muscles (external/internal abdominal oblique and transverse abdominis). Strategies are presented to teach clients how to engage the lower abdominal muscles to facilitate effortless breathing. For example, when the person exhales, the lower abdominal muscles contract to flatten the abdomen and push the diaphragm upward, and these muscle relax during inhalation to allow the diaphragm to descend. Lower abdominal SEMG recording can also be used as a surrogate indicator for SEMG activity from the pelvic floor. To enhance activation of the lower abdominal muscles during a breathing cycle, specific exercises are described. In summary, lower abdominal SEMG feedback is a useful strategy to facilitate complete abdominal involvement during breathing.

scholarly journals Abdominal Expansion versus Abdominal Drawing-In Strategy on Thickness and Electromyography of Lumbar Stabilizers in People with Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4487
Author(s):  
Yi-Liang Kuo ◽  
Chieh-Yu Kao ◽  
Yi-Ju Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Lumbar Multifidus ◽  
Lateral Abdominal Wall ◽  
Lumbar Stabilization

The abdominal expansion (AE) strategy, involving eccentric contraction of the abdominal muscles, has been increasingly used in clinical practices; however, its effects have not been rigorously investigated. This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of the AE versus abdominal drawing-in (AD) strategy on lumbar stabilization muscles in people with nonspecific low back pain (LBP). Thirty adults with nonspecific LBP performed the AE, AD, and natural breathing (NB) strategies in three different body positions. Ultrasonography and surface electromyography (EMG) were, respectively, used to measure the thickness and activity of the lumbar multifidus and lateral abdominal wall muscles. The AE and AD strategies showed similar effects, producing higher EMG activity in the lumbar multifidus and lateral abdominal wall muscles when compared with the NB strategy. All muscles showed higher EMG activity in the quiet and single leg standing positions than in the lying position. Although the AE and AD strategies had similar effects on the thickness change of the lumbar multifidus muscle, the results of thickness changes of the lateral abdominal muscles were relatively inconsistent. The AE strategy may be used as an alternative method to facilitate co-contraction of lumbar stabilization muscles and improve spinal stability in people with nonspecific LBP.

Spigelian Hernia: Surgical Anatomy, Embryology, and Technique of Repair

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis N. Skandalakis ◽  
Odyseas Zoras ◽  
John E. Skandalakis ◽  
Petros Mirilas
Keyword(s):  
Rectus Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Spigelian Hernia ◽  
Etiologic Factor ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Line Defects ◽  
Semilunar Line ◽  
Neonates And Infants ◽  
Wide Zone

Spigelian hernia (1–2% of all hernias) is the protrusion of preperitoneal fat, peritoneal sac, or organ(s) through a congenital or acquired defect in the spigelian aponeurosis (i.e., the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominal muscle limited by the linea semilunaris laterally and the lateral edge of the rectus muscle medially). Mostly, these hernias lie in the “spigelian hernia belt,” a transverse 6-cm-wide zone above the interspinal plane; lower hernias are rare and should be differentiated from direct inguinal or supravescical hernias. Although named after Adriaan van der Spieghel, he only described the semilunar line (linea Spigeli) in 1645. Josef Klinkosch in 1764 first defined the spigelian hernia as a defect in the semilunar line. Defects in the aponeurosis of transverse abdominal muscle (mainly under the arcuate line and more often in obese individuals) have been considered as the principal etiologic factor. Pediatric cases, especially neonates and infants, are mostly congenital. Embryologically, spigelian hernias may represent the clinical outcome of weak areas in the continuation of aponeuroses of layered abdominal muscles as they develop separately in the mesenchyme of the somatopleura, originating from the invading and fusing myotomes. Traditionally, repair consists of open anterior herniorraphy, using direct muscle approximation, mesh, and prostheses. Laparoscopy, preferably a totally extraperitoneal procedure, or intraperitoneal when other surgical repairs are planned within the same procedure, is currently employed as an adjunct to diagnosis and treatment of spigelian hernias. Care must be taken not to create iatrogenic spigelian hernias when using laparoscopy trocars or classic drains in the spigelian aponeurosis.

Expiratory abdominal muscle activity during ventilatory chemostimulation in piglets

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1343-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Watchko ◽  
T. L. O'Day ◽  
B. S. Brozanski ◽  
R. D. Guthrie
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Afferent Pathways ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cervical Vagotomy ◽  
Time Average

We examined abdominal muscle minute electromyographic (EMG) activity (peak moving time average EMG x respiratory rate) during eupnea, hyperoxic hypercapnia (8% CO2-40% O2-balance N2), and hypoxia (13% O2) in 12 anesthetized (0.5% halothane) newborn piglets. In addition, we assessed the role of vagal afferent pathways in the abdominal muscles' response to ventilatory chemostimulation by examining abdominal EMG activity (EMGab) before and after bilateral cervical vagotomy in five animals. Phasic expiratory EMGab was observed in 11 of 12 piglets during eupnea. Hypercapnia was associated with a sustained augmentation of minute EMGab (444 +/- 208% control). In contrast, hypoxia consistently augmented (1 min, 193 +/- 33% control) then diminished (5 min, 126 +/- 39% control) minute EMGab. Vagotomy resulted in a decline in peak moving time average EMGab by approximately one-half (48 +/- 18% control); the abdominal muscles' response to ventilatory chemostimulation, however, was qualitatively unchanged. We conclude that 1) expiration during eupnea in anesthetized newborn piglets is associated with phasic EMGab; 2) both hypercapnia and hypoxia augment minute EMGab; however, only hypercapnia is associated with sustained augmentation; and 3) although vagal afferents have a role in modulating the base-line level of EMGab, other extravagal mechanisms appear to determine the pattern of EMGab in response to ventilatory chemostimulation.

scholarly journals Recruitment and plasticity in diaphragm, intercostal, and abdominal muscles in unanesthetized rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Navarrete-Opazo ◽  
G. S. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Unanesthetized Animals ◽  
Long Term Facilitation ◽  
Relative Capacity

Although rats are a frequent model for studies of plasticity in respiratory motor control, the relative capacity of rat accessory respiratory muscles to express plasticity is not well known, particularly in unanesthetized animals. Here, we characterized external intercostal (T2, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 EIC) and abdominal muscle (external oblique and rectus abdominis) electromyogram (EMG) activity in unanesthetized rats via radiotelemetry during normoxia (Nx: 21% O2) and following acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH: 10 × 5-min, 10.5% O2; 5-min intervals). Diaphragm and T2–T5 EIC EMG activity, and ventilation were also assessed during maximal chemoreceptor stimulation (MCS: 7% CO2, 10.5% O2) and sustained hypoxia (SH: 10.5% O2). In Nx, T2 EIC exhibits prominent inspiratory activity, whereas T4, T5, T6, and T7 EIC inspiratory activity decreases in a caudal direction. T8 and T9 EIC and abdominal muscles show only tonic or sporadic activity, without consistent respiratory activity. MCS increases diaphragm and T2 EIC EMG amplitude and tidal volume more than SH (0.94 ± 0.10 vs. 0.68 ± 0.05 ml/100 g; P < 0.001). Following AIH, T2 EIC EMG amplitude remained above baseline for more than 60 min post-AIH (i.e., EIC long-term facilitation, LTF), and was greater than diaphragm LTF (41.5 ± 1.3% vs. 19.1 ± 2.0% baseline; P < 0.001). We conclude that 1) diaphragm and rostral T2–T5 EIC muscles exhibit inspiratory activity during Nx; 2) MCS elicits greater ventilatory, diaphragm, and rostral T2–T5 EIC muscle activity vs. SH; and 3) AIH induces greater rostral EIC LTF than diaphragm LTF.

Electromyographic Evaluation of Abdominal-Muscle Function With and Without Concomitant Pelvic-Floor-Muscle Contraction

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Tahan ◽  
Amir Massoud Arab ◽  
Bita Vaseghi ◽  
Khosro Khademi
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pelvic Floor Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Emg Signal

Context:Coactivation of abdominal and pelvic-floor muscles (PFM) is an issue considered by researchers recently. Electromyography (EMG) studies have shown that the abdominal-muscle activity is a normal response to PFM activity, and increase in EMG activity of the PFM concomitant with abdominal-muscle contraction was also reported.Objective:The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in EMG activity of the deep abdominal muscles during abdominal-muscle contraction (abdominal hollowing and bracing) with and without concomitant PFM contraction in healthy and low-back-pain (LBP) subjects.Design:A 2 × 2 repeated-measures design.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:30 subjects (15 with LBP, 15 without LBP).Main Outcome Measures:Peak rectified EMG of abdominal muscles.Results:No difference in EMG of abdominal muscles with and without concomitant PFM contraction in abdominal hollowing (P = .84) and abdominal bracing (P = .53). No difference in EMG signal of abdominal muscles with and without PFM contraction between LBP and healthy subjects in both abdominal hollowing (P = .88) and abdominal bracing (P = .98) maneuvers.Conclusion:Adding PFM contraction had no significant effect on abdominal-muscle contraction in subjects with and without LBP.

Posture effects on timing of abdominal muscle activity during stimulated ventilation

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 1994-2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Abe ◽  
Takumi Yamada ◽  
Tomoyuki Tomita ◽  
Paul A. Easton
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
External Oblique ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Internal Oblique

In humans during stimulated ventilation, substantial abdominal muscle activity extends into the following inspiration as postexpiratory expiratory activity (PEEA) and commences again during late inspiration as preexpiratory expiratory activity (PREA). We hypothesized that the timing of PEEA and PREA would be changed systematically by posture. Fine-wire electrodes were inserted into the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis in nine awake subjects. Airflow, end-tidal CO2, and moving average electromyogram (EMG) signals were recorded during resting and CO2-stimulated ventilation in both supine and standing postures. Phasic expiratory EMG activity (tidal EMG) of the four abdominal muscles at any level of CO2 stimulation was greater while standing. Abdominal muscle activities during inspiration, PEEA, and PREA, were observed with CO2stimulation, both supine and standing. Change in posture had a significant effect on intrabreath timing of expiratory muscle activation at any level of CO2stimulation. The transversus abdominis showed a significant increase in PEEA and a significant decrease in PREA while subjects were standing; similar changes were seen in the internal oblique. We conclude that changes in posture are associated with significant changes in phasic expiratory activity of the four abdominal muscles, with systematic changes in the timing of abdominal muscle activity during early and late inspiration.

Waterproofing EMG Instrumentation

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca D. Benfield ◽  
Edward R. Newton ◽  
Tibor Hortobágyi
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Surface Emg ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Buoyancy Effect ◽  
Noninvasive Method ◽  
Uterine Contractility ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Dry And Wet Conditions

While still experimental, measurement of external uterine electromyographic (EMG) activity is a more sensitive and noninvasive method for measuring uterine contractility in human labor than the methods currently used in clinical practice. Hydrotherapy is purported to improve contractility in labor, yet there have been no reports of abdominal uterine EMG activity measured during immersion. To test telemetric EMG equipment and different waterproofing techniques under dry and immersed conditions, the authors recorded surface EMG activity from the abdominal muscles of 11 healthy, nonpregnant women, 22 to 51 years of age. After attaching one pair of electrodes to the skin on either side of the umbilicus and applying the waterproofing material, the authors tested the signal by asking participants to perform a short series of leg lifts while seated in a chair to evoke abdominal muscle contractions. They were then immersed to the chest in a hydrotherapy tub while performing two to three leg lifts over 60 s every 5 min for 60 min with 20 lb of weight suspended from their ankles to counteract the buoyancy effect of water. EMG activity was continuously recorded. They then repeated the dry-measures sequence. While waterproofing remained intact, EMG signals were essentially unchanged between dry and wet conditions. Of the 11 waterproofing applications tested, 10 failed at some point. In the data from the successful application, EMG signals in both channels exhibited stable baselines throughout and an absence of low-frequency artifact. The development of this technique allows for the recording of external uterine EMG activity during hydrotherapy. The authors have begun using it to investigate the effects of hydrotherapy on uterine contractility during human labor.

scholarly journals Experimental study comparing the tensile strength of different surgical meshes following aponeurotic-muscle deformity synthesis on Wistar rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando José d'Acampora ◽  
Darlan de Medeiros Kestering ◽  
Marly da Silveira Soldi ◽  
Lucas Félix Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Average Force ◽  
Surgical Meshes ◽  
Significant Difference

PURPOSE: To assess the tensile strength of polypropylene and polypropylene associated with polyglactin meshes (Vypro II® - Ethicon®, Somerville, NJ, USA) in a situation of partial separation of abdominal muscle aponeurosis on rats. METHODS: Thirty rats were used of the Wistar strain, which were randomized into two groups of 15 specimens each. In both groups an aponeurotic-muscle deformity was created on the abdominal wall measuring 3.0 x 1.0 cm, which was closed with polypropylene mesh (polypropylene group) or Vypro® mesh (vypro group). After 28 days the rats underwent euthanasia and an area was removed from the abdominal wall with which a strip was made measuring 2.0 cm in length and 6.0 cm in width comprising the abdominal muscles with the implanted mesh. This sample was placed in a mechanical test machine in which a constant force was applied contrary to the tissue strips. Maximum force expressed in Newton was considered until full rupture of the sample occurred. The non-parametric Kruskal - Wallis test was used for statistical analysis admitting p<0.05. RESULTS: Out of the thirty animals, there were two deaths in the vypro group and one unit in the polypropylene group was lost. One animal in the polypropylene group developed hernia during the study and another one developed granuloma of the abdominal wall. All animals in both groups developed epiplon adherence to the mesh. The average force was 48.08 N for the polypropylene group and 45.32 for the vypro® group. CONCLUSION: In these experimental conditions it could be observed that there is no statistically significant difference in the rupture force of the polypropylene and Vypro® meshes (p=0.54).

scholarly journals An electromyographic study of abdominal muscle activity in children with spastic cerebral palsy

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saviour Adjenti ◽  
Graham Louw ◽  
Jennifer Jelsma ◽  
Marianne Unger
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Spastic Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Neuromuscular Activity ◽  
Inadequate Knowledge

Background: Inadequate knowledge in the recruitment patterns of abdominal muscles in individuals with spastic-type cerebral palsy (STCP).Objectives: To determine whether there is any difference between the neuromuscular activity (activation pattern) of the abdominal muscles in children with STCP and those of their typically developing (TD) peers.Method: The NORAXAN® electromyography (EMG) was used to monitor the neuromuscular activity in abdominal muscles of individuals with STCP (n = 63), and the results were compared with the findings from age-matched TD individuals (n = 82).Results: EMG frequencies were recorded during rest and during active states and compared using repeated measures ANOVA. Spearman’s rank order correlation was used to explore relationships between age, body mass index and abdominal muscle activity. With the exception of the rectus abdominis (RA) muscle, the pattern of neuromuscular activity in children with STCP differs significantly from that of their TD peers. Three of the muscles – external oblique abdominis (EO), internal oblique abdominis (IO) and RA – in both groups showed significant changes (p < 0.001) in the frequency of EMG activity between the resting and active states. An elevated EMG activity at rest in the EO and IO was recorded in the STCP group, whereas the RA during resting and active stages showed similar results to TD individuals.Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that the RA could be targeted during rehabilitation regimens; however, the force generated by this muscle may not be sufficient for the maintenance of trunk stability without optimal support from the EO and IO muscles.

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