Effects of a 1-yr stay at altitude on ventilation, metabolism, and work capacity

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1749-1755 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Serebrovskaya ◽  
A. A. Ivashkevich
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Ventilatory Drive ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
End Tidal

The hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drive, gas exchange, blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations, acid-base balance, and physical working capacity were determined in three groups of healthy males: 17 residents examined at sea level (group I), 24 sea-level natives residing at 1,680-m altitude for 1 yr and examined there (group II), and 17 sea-level natives residing at 3,650-m altitude for 1 yr and examined there (group III). The piecewise linear approximation technique was used to study the ventilatory response curves, which allowed a separate analysis of slopes during the first phase of slow increase in ventilation and the second phase of sharp increase. The hypoxic ventilatory response for both isocapnic and poikilocapnic conditions was greater in group II and even greater in group III. The first signs of consciousness distortion in sea-level residents appeared at an end-tidal O2 pressure level (4.09 +/- 0.56 kPa) higher than that of temporary residents of middle (3.05 +/- 0.12) and high altitude (2.90 +/- 0.07). The hypercapnic response was also increased, although to a lesser degree. Subjects with the highest hypoxic respiratory sensitivity at high altitude demonstrated greater O2 consumption at rest, greater ventilatory response to exercise, higher physical capacity, and a less pronounced anaerobic glycolytic flux but a lower tolerance to extreme hypoxia. That is, end-tidal O2 pressure that caused a distortion of the consciousness was higher in these subjects than in those with lower hypoxic sensitivity. Two extreme types of adaptation strategy can be distinguished: active, with marked reactions of “struggle for oxygen,” and passive, with reduced O2 metabolism, as well as several intermediate types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Augmented hypoxic ventilatory response in men at altitude

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sato ◽  
J. W. Severinghaus ◽  
F. L. Powell ◽  
F. D. Xu ◽  
M. J. Spellman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Hypoxic Ventilatory Response ◽  
Co2 Response ◽  
Altitude Exposure ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Ventilatory Drive ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Arterial O2 Saturation

To test the hypothesis that the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) of an individual is a constant unaffected by acclimatization, isocapnic 5-min step HVR, as delta VI/delta SaO2 (l.min-1.%-1, where VI is inspired ventilation and SaO2 is arterial O2 saturation), was tested in six normal males at sea level (SL), after 1–5 days at 3,810-m altitude (AL1-3), and three times over 1 wk after altitude exposure (PAL1-3). Equal medullary central ventilatory drive was sought at both altitudes by testing HVR after greater than 15 min of hyperoxia to eliminate possible ambient hypoxic ventilatory depression (HVD), choosing for isocapnia a P′CO2 (end tidal) elevated sufficiently to drive hyperoxic VI to 140 ml.kg-1.min-1. Mean P′CO2 was 45.4 +/- 1.7 Torr at SL and 33.3 +/- 1.8 Torr on AL3, compared with the respective resting control end-tidal PCO2 of 42.3 +/- 2.0 and 30.8 +/- 2.6 Torr. SL HVR of 0.91 +/- 0.38 was unchanged on AL1 (30 +/- 18 h) at 1.04 +/- 0.37 but rose (P less than 0.05) to 1.27 +/- 0.57 on AL2 (3.2 +/- 0.8 days) and 1.46 +/- 0.59 on AL3 (4.8 +/- 0.4 days) and remained high on PAL1 at 1.44 +/- 0.54 and PAL2 at 1.37 +/- 0.78 but not on PAL3 (days 4–7). HVR was independent of test SaO2 (range 60–90%). Hyperoxic HCVR (CO2 response) was increased on AL3 and PAL1. Arterial pH at congruent to 65% SaO2 was 7.378 +/- 0.019 at SL, 7.44 +/- 0.018 on AL2, and 7.412 +/- 0.023 on AL3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

566 Persistent Sleep Apnea and Desaturation in Preterm Children at 18 Months of Age at High Altitude (2640 M)

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A223-A224
Author(s):  
Elida Duenas-Meza ◽  
Maria Escamilla ◽  
Laura Rincon ◽  
Andrea Parra ◽  
Maria Bazurto-Zapata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Desaturation Index ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction Children born at term who live at high altitude (HA) (≥ 2500 m) have different respiratory patterns from those that live at sea level. It is essential to determine these patterns in preterm children due to their high risk of Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (SAHS). The evolution of the apnea hypopnea index (AHI), desaturation index (ODI), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) is unknown in this group at HA. The objective was to characterize the respiratory patterns during sleep of preterm children living at HA and compare it with those of healthy children born at term. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in Bogotá, Colombia (altitude: 2640 m). We included 302 children, 127 were preterm with an average of gestational age of 31weeks (SD: 2.9) and an average weight at birth of 1600 g (SD: 594) and 175 healthy full-term infants. Three groups were defined according to age: Group I: 3–4 months, Group II: 6–7 months,, Group III: 10–18 months. All children underwent nocturnal polysomnogram to evaluate their respiratory variables: AHI, average and minimum SpO2, ODI, and T90 during sleep and analyzed the data according to the parameters of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Results 302 polysomnograms were performed, 54.3% were girls and were distributed by groups as follows: Group I:105 patients (34.8%), 16 preterm, Group II: 107 patients (35.4%), 46 preterm and Group III: 90 patients (29.8%), 65 preterm. We observed higher respiratory parameters within each age strata in premature infants compared to children born at term. Preterm infants had higher ODI, AHI, obstructive apnea hypopnea index (O-AHI), and Central Apnea hypopnea index (C-AHI). Although the effect decreases over time, we found a significant difference in the first age group. There was a high persistence index in children with a history of preterm birth living at high altitude. We also found a significant decrease in AHI, ODI across time in healthy and preterm children p<0.01 Conclusion Premature children living at HA persist with higher ODI and AHI compared to children of similar ages born at term. The high desaturation index indicates the presence of intermittent hypoxia that persists in these children over time Support (if any):

Selected Contribution: High-altitude natives living at sea level acclimatize to high altitude like sea-level natives

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 1263-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rivera-Ch ◽  
Alfredo Gamboa ◽  
Fabiola León-Velarde ◽  
Jose-Antonio Palacios ◽  
David F. O'Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
High Altitude Natives ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Ventilatory Response To Hypoxia

Sea-level (SL) natives acclimatizing to high altitude (HA) increase their acute ventilatory response to hypoxia (AHVR), but HA natives have values for AHVR below those for SL natives at SL (blunting). HA natives who live at SL retain some blunting of AHVR and have more marked blunting to sustained (20-min) hypoxia. This study addressed the question of what happens when HA natives resident at SL return to HA: do they acclimatize like SL natives or revert to the characteristics of HA natives? Fifteen HA natives resident at SL were studied, together with 15 SL natives as controls. Air-breathing end-tidal Pco 2 and AHVR were determined at SL. Subjects were then transported to 4,300 m, where these measurements were repeated on each of the following 5 days. There were no significant differences in the magnitude or time course of the changes in end-tidal Pco 2 and AHVR between the two groups. We conclude that HA natives normally resident at SL undergo ventilatory acclimatization to HA in the same manner as SL natives.

Alveolar Pco2 oscillations and ventilation at sea level and at high altitude

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 404-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Collier ◽  
A. H. Nickol ◽  
J. S. Milledge ◽  
H. J. A. van Ruiten ◽  
C. J. Collier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Feedback Signal ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Base Camp ◽  
Ventilatory Drive ◽  
The Face ◽  
End Tidal

This study examines the potential for a ventilatory drive, independent of mean Pco2, but depending instead on changes in Pco2 that occur during the respiratory cycle. This responsiveness is referred to here as “dynamic ventilatory sensitivity.” The normal, spontaneous, respiratory oscillations in alveolar Pco2 have been modified with inspiratory pulses approximating alveolar Pco2 concentrations, both at sea level and at high altitude (5,000 m, 16,400 ft.). All tests were conducted with subjects exercising on a cycle ergometer at 60 W. The pulses last about half the inspiratory duration and are timed to arrive in the alveoli during early or late inspiration. Differences in ventilation, which then occur in the face of similar end-tidal Pco2 values, are taken to result from dynamic ventilatory sensitivity. Highly significant ventilatory responses (early pulse response greater than late) occurred in hypoxia and normoxia at sea level and after more than 4 days at 5,000 m. The response at high altitude was eliminated by normalizing Po2 and was reduced or eliminated with acetazolamide. No response was present soon after arrival (<4 days) at base camp, 5,000 m, on either of two high-altitude expeditions (BMEME, 1994, and Kanchenjunga, 1998). The largest responses at 5,000 m were obtained in subjects returning from very high altitude (7,100–8,848 m). The present study confirms and extends previous investigations that suggest that alveolar Pco2 oscillations provide a feedback signal for respiratory control, independent of changes in mean Pco2, suggesting that natural Pco2 oscillations drive breathing in exercise.

Relationship of hypoxic ventilatory response to exercise performance on Mount Everest

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1478-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Schoene ◽  
S. Lahiri ◽  
P. H. Hackett ◽  
R. M. Peters ◽  
J. S. Milledge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Hypoxic Ventilatory Response ◽  
Maximum Exercise ◽  
Exercise Ventilation ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

At very high altitude, exercise performance in the human sojourner may depend on a sufficient hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). To study the relationship of HVR to exercise performance at high altitude, we studied HVR at sea level and 5,400 m and exercise ventilation at sea level, 5,400 m, and 6,300 m in nine members of the American Medical Research Expedition to Everest. The relationship of HVR between individuals was maintained when HVR was repeated after acclimatization to 5,400 m (P less than 0.05). There was a significant correlation in all subjects between HVR and ventilatory equivalent during exercise at sea level (r = 0.704, P less than 0.05). Subjects were then grouped into high (H) and low (L) HVR responders (ventilation increase to end-tidal PO2 of 40 Torr = 21.2 +/- 5.4 and 5.6 +/- 0.9 1 X min-1, respectively. At low and moderate levels of exercise, ventilation at sea level and after acclimatization to 6,300 m was higher in the high HVR group. At 6,300 m blood O2 saturation (Sao2%) decreased from rest to maximum exercise: H = 8.3 +/- 1.8%, L = 20.0 +/- 2.5% (P less than 0.01). HVR correlated inversely in all subjects with the decrease in Sao2 from rest to maximum exercise (P less than 0.05). Climbers with the highest HVR values reached and slept at higher altitudes. We conclude that the relative value of HVR in our group of climbers was not significantly altered after acclimatization; HVR predicts exercise ventilation at sea level and high altitude; the drop in Sao2% that occurs with exercise is inversely related to HVR; and sojourners with high HVR may perform better at extreme altitude.

Ultrastructural Lesions Produced by Alcohol and Sucrose in the Heart and Liver of C57BL Mice

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
K.K. SEKHRI ◽  
C.S. ALEXANDER ◽  
H.T. NAGASAWA
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Alcohol Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
C57bl Mice ◽  
Group Ii

C57BL male mice (Jackson Lab., Bar Harbor, Maine) weighing about 18 gms were randomly divided into three groups: group I was fed sweetened liquid alcohol diet (modified Schenkl) in which 36% of the calories were derived from alcohol; group II was maintained on a similar diet but alcohol was isocalorically substituted by sucrose; group III was fed regular mouse chow ad lib for five months. Liver and heart tissues were fixed in 2.5% cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon-araldite.

Heterogeneity and Immunochemical Properties of Anti-β2-glycoprotein I Autoantibodies

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (09) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Regnault ◽  
E. Hachulla ◽  
L. Darnige ◽  
B. Roussel ◽  
J. C. Bensa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Anticardiolipin Antibodies ◽  
Dual Reactivity ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Epitope Specificity ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Sufficient Concentration

SummaryMost anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are directed against epitopes expressed on β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI). Despite a good correlation between standard ACA assays and those using purified human β2GPI as the sole antigen, some sera from APS patients only react in the latter. This is indicative of heterogeneity in anti-β2GPI antibodies. To characterize their reactivity profiles, human and bovine β2GPI were immobilized on γ-irradiated plates (β2GPI-ELISA), plain polystyrene precoated with increasing cardiolipin concentrations (CL/β2GPI-ELISA), and affinity columns. Fluid-phase inhibition experiments were also carried out with both proteins. Of 56 selected sera, restricted recognition of bovine or human β2GPI occurred respectively in 10/29 IgA-positive and 9/22 IgM-positive samples, and most of the latter (8/9) were missed by the standard ACA assay, as expected from a previous study. Based on species specificity and ACA results, IgG-positive samples (53/56) were categorized into three groups: antibodies reactive to bovine β2GPI only (group I) or to bovine and human β2GPI, group II being ACA-negative, and group III being ACA-positive. The most important group, group III (n = 33) was characterized by (i) binding when β2GPI was immobilized on γ-irradiated polystyrene or cardiolipin at sufficient concentration (regardless of β2GPI density, as assessed using 125I-β2GPI); (ii) and low avidity binding to fluid-phase β2GPI (Kd in the range 10–5 M). In contrast, all six group II samples showed (i) ability to bind human and bovine β2GPI immobilized on non-irradiated plates; (ii) concentration-dependent blockade of binding by cardiolipin, suggesting epitope location in the vicinity of the phospholipid binding site on native β2GPI; (iii) and relative avidities approximately 100-fold higher than in group III. Group I patients were heterogeneous with respect to CL/β2GPI-ELISA and ACA results (6/14 scored negative), possibly reflecting antibody differences in terms of avidity and epitope specificity. Affinity fractionation of 23 sera showed the existence, in individual patients, of various combinations of antibody subsets solely reactive to human or bovine β2GPI, together with cross-species reactive subsets present in all samples with dual reactivity namely groups III and II, although the latter antibodies were poorly purified on either column. Therefore, the mode of presentation of β2GPI greatly influences its recognition by anti-β2GPI antibodies with marked inter-individual heterogeneity, in relation to ACA quantitation and, possibly, disease presentation and pathogenesis.

Oxygen Fraction Adjustment According to Body Surface Area during Extracorporeal Circulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 098
Author(s):  
Cem Arıtürk ◽  
Serpil Ustalar Özgen ◽  
Behiç Danışan ◽  
Hasan Karabulut ◽  
Fevzi Toraman
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Extracorporeal Circulation ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Oxygen Fraction ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

<p class="p1"><span class="s1"><strong>Background:</strong> The inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO<sub>2</sub>) is usually set between 60% and 100% during conventional extracorporeal circulation (ECC). However, this strategy causes partial oxygen pressure (PaO<sub>2</sub>) to reach hyperoxemic levels (&gt;180 mmHg). During anesthetic management of cardiothoracic surgery it is important to keep PaO<sub>2</sub> levels between 80-180 mmHg. The aim of this study was to assess whether adjusting FiO<sub>2</sub> levels in accordance with body temperature and body surface area (BSA) during ECC is an effective method for maintaining normoxemic PaO<sub>2</sub> during cardiac surgery.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1"><strong>Methods:</strong> After approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Acıbadem, informed consent was given from 60 patients. FiO<sub>2</sub> adjustment strategies applied to the patients in the groups were as follows: FiO<sub>2</sub> levels were set as 0.21 × BSA during hypothermia and 0.21 × BSA + 10 during rewarming in Group I; 0.18 × BSA during hypothermia and 0.18 × BSA + 15 during rewarming in Group II; and 0.18 × BSA during hypothermia and variable with body temperature during rewarming in Group III. Arterial blood gas values and hemodynamic parameters were recorded before ECC (T1); at the 10th minute of cross clamp (T2); when the esophageal temperature (OT) reached 34°C (T3); when OT reached 36°C (T4); and just before the cessation of ECC (T5).</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1"><strong>Results:</strong> Mean PaO<sub>2</sub> was significantly higher in Group I than in Group II at T2 and T3 (<em>P</em> = .0001 and <em>P</em> = .0001, respectively); in Group I than in Group III at T1 (<em>P</em> = .02); and in Group II than in Group III at T2, T3, and T4 <br /> (<em>P</em> = .0001 for all). </span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1"><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adjustment of FiO<sub>2</sub> according to BSA rather than keeping it at a constant level is more appropriate for keeping PaO<sub>2</sub> between safe level limits. However, since oxygen consumption of cells vary with body temperature, it would be appropriate to set FiO<sub>2</sub> levels in concordance with the body temperature in the <br /> rewarming period.</span></p>

Features of the cervix uteri in women of reproductive age with endometrial polyps and micropolyps

2016 ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
T.F. Tatarchuk ◽  
◽  
D.G. German ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cervix Uteri ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Endometrial Polyps ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Aggressive Form ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Control Group Group

The article presents the comparative analysis of the state of the cervix in women with endometrial polyps and micropolyps. Patients and methods. The study involved 130 patients aged 18-35 years: 70 patients with endometrial polyps (group I), 30 patients with micropolyps (group II) and 30 patients of the control group (group III). Results. According to the anamnesis of women in the I group were significantly more frequent diseases of the cervix, which corrected physical surgery methods, in particular cryodestruction. In group II, the representatives of these indicators were similar to healthy. Normal colposcopic picture met significantly less frequently in patients and I, and II group. The differences in the incidence of HPV high oncogenic risk in all groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion. Destructive methods used in the detection of any changes in the cervix are often overly aggressive, form scars and contributing to inflamaciones process. In the chain of events leading to the formation of PE, cervical pathology and its correction can take the basic place. Key words: endometrial polyp, micropolyps, chronic endometritis, uterine cervix, colposcopy.

THE USE OF BOLUSES REDUCES THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF SUBCLINICAL KETOSIS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION OF HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE COWS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г.В. ШИРЯЕВ ◽  
Ю.Г. ТУРЛОВА ◽  
Г.С. НИКИТИН
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Reproductive Indices

Изучено влияние кормовой добавки в форме индивидуальных болюсов Метраболь на возможность снижения негативного влияния субклинического кетоза (СКК) и результативность искусственного осеменения высокопродуктивных молочных коров в посттранзитный период. Животные были подобраны по принципу условных аналогов и разделены на 3 группы в зависимости от концентрации β-оксимасляной кислоты в их крови. В I группе (n=18) у коров не было СКК, концентрация кислоты составляла <1,0 ммоль/л, во II группе (n=21) у животных зарегистрирован СКК, концентрация кислоты — 1,0…1,4 ммоль/л. С целью поиска решения по снижению негативного влияния СКК на репродуктивные показатели была сформирована III группа коров, переболевших СКК (n=24) с концентрацией β-оксимасляной кислоты в крови 1,0…1,4 ммоль/л, но с использованием болюсов, применяемых для ускоренного восстановления репродуктивной функции коров после отела. Важной составляющей опыта явилось то, что к моменту гормональной синхронизации у коров всех 3 групп фиксировалось отсутствие СКК (снижение β-оксимасляной кислоты до уровня <1,0 ммоль/л). Для синхронизации полового цикла выбрана схема Пресинх-овсинх. Установлено, что гормональная синхронизация животных, перенесших СКК, в сравнении со здоровыми, не позволяет снизить негативное влияние данного нарушения обмена веществ. Во II группе у животных зафиксированы самые низкие репродуктивные показатели (количество использованных доз; индекс осеменения, сервис-период; время от первого до успешного осеменения; результат первичного осеменения; количество животных, осемененных 3 и более раз). В III группе применение болюсов позволило, в сравнении с животными II группы, не только избежать отрицательного воздействия СКК, но и превзойти по изучаемым параметрам животных из I группы. The effect of the feed additive in the form of individual boluses Metrabol on the possibility of reducing the negative effect of subclinical ketosis (CCK) and the effectiveness of artificial insemination of highly productive dairy cows in the post-transit period was studied. The animals were selected according to the principle of conditional analogs and divided into 3 groups depending on the concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid in their blood. In group I (n=18), the cows did not have SSC, the acid concentration was <1.0 mmol/L, in group II (n=21), SSC was registered in animals — 1.0...1.4 mmol / L. In order to find a solution to reduce the negative effect of CCB on reproductive indices, a group III of cows was formed who had CCB (n = 24) with a concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid in their blood of 1.0...1.4 mmol/L, but using boluses, used to accelerate the restoration of the reproductive function of cows after calving. An important component of the experiment was that by the time of hormonal synchronization, cows of all 3 groups had no SSC (decrease in β-hydroxybutyric acid to a level of <1.0 mmol/L). To synchronize the sexual cycle, the Pressinh-ovsinh scheme was chosen. It was found that hormonal synchronization of animals that underwent SSC, in comparison with healthy ones, does not allow reducing the negative effect of this metabolic disorder. In group II, animals had the lowest reproductive indices (number of doses used; insemination index, service period; time from first to successful insemination; result of primary insemination; number of animals inseminated 3 or more times). In group III, the use of boluses made it possible, in comparison with animals of group II, not only to avoid the negative effect of SSC, but also to surpass the animals from group I in terms of the studied parameters.

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