Cardiovascular responses in black and white males during exercise

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 755-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Berry ◽  
T. J. Zehnder ◽  
C. B. Berry ◽  
S. E. Davis ◽  
S. K. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Blacks And Whites

Previous investigations have shown blacks to have a significantly lower resting heart rate (HR) compared with whites. Our purpose was to determine if this difference exists during submaximal exercise and to compare other cardiovascular responses during submaximal exercise in black and white males. Sixteen black and 16 white males matched on age, body surface area, and maximal O2 consumption exercised at 0, 50, and 100 W on a cycle ergometer. HR, O2 consumption, and cardiac output via CO2 rebreathing were measured at rest and at each work rate. Stroke volume was then calculated. O2 consumption was not significantly different between blacks and whites at rest or at work rates of 0, 50, or 100 W. Cardiac output increased from rest with 0, 50, and 100 W work for both blacks and whites (6.1 to 13.0, 14.4, and 16.9 l/min and 5.7 to 12.2, 14.3, and 16.3 l/min, respectively). The differences in cardiac output between blacks and whites at rest and all work rates were not statistically significant. At rest and work rates of 0, 50, and 100 W, HR was significantly lower in blacks compared with whites (71, 99, 108, and 119 beats/min vs. 80, 107, 114, and 127 beats/min, respectively). The lower HR in blacks compared with whites was accompanied by a trend toward a higher stroke volume at rest and work rates of 0, 50, and 100 W (85.2, 130.3, 134.7, and 142.9 ml vs. 72.5, 114.9, 126.4, and 127.4 ml, respectively). No differences in resting blood pressures were found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Dynamic exercise training in foxhounds. I. Oxygen consumption and hemodynamic responses

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. I. Musch ◽  
G. C. Haidet ◽  
G. A. Ordway ◽  
J. C. Longhurst ◽  
J. H. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
O2 Consumption

Ten foxhounds were studied during maximal and submaximal exercise on a motor-driven treadmill before and after 8–12 wk of training. Training consisted of working at 80% of maximal heart rate 1 h/day, 5 days/wk. Maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) increased 28% from 113.7 +/- 5.5 to 146.1 +/- 5.4 ml O2 X min-1 X kg-1, pre- to posttraining. This increase in VO2max was due primarily to a 27% increase in maximal cardiac output, since maximal arteriovenous O2 difference increased only 4% above pretraining values. Mean arterial pressure during maximal exercise did not change from pre- to posttraining, with the result that calculated systemic vascular resistance (SVR) decreased 20%. There were no training-induced changes in O2 consumption, cardiac output, arteriovenous O2 difference, mean arterial pressure, or SVR at any level of submaximal exercise. However, if post- and pretraining values are compared, heart rate was lower and stroke volume was greater at any level of submaximal exercise. Venous lactate concentrations during a given level of submaximal exercise were significantly lower during posttraining compared with pretraining, but venous lactate concentrations during maximal exercise did not change as a result of exercise training. These results indicate that a program of endurance training will produce a significant increase in VO2max in the foxhound. This increase in VO2max is similar to that reported previously for humans and rats but is derived primarily from central (stroke volume) changes rather than a combination of central and peripheral (O2 extraction) changes.

scholarly journals No Effects of Different Doses of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Cardiovascular Responses During Rest and Submaximal Exercise Across a Week in Trained Male Cyclists

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Stefano Montanari ◽  
Mehmet A. S¸ahin ◽  
Ben J. Lee ◽  
Sam D. Blacker ◽  
Mark E.T. Willems
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
New Zealand Blackcurrant ◽  
Different Doses

Supplementation with anthocyanin-rich blackcurrant increases blood flow, cardiac output, and stroke volume at rest. It is not known whether cardiovascular responses can be replicated over longer timeframes in fed trained cyclists. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 male trained cyclists (age 39 ± 10 years, 55.3 ± 6.7 ml·kg−1·min−1) consumed two doses of New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract (300 and 600 mg/day for 1 week). Cardiovascular parameters were measured during rest and submaximal cycling (65% ) on day 1 (D1), D4, and D7. Data were analyzed with an RM ANOVA using dose (placebo vs. 300 vs. 600 mg/day) by time point (D1, D4, and D7). Outcomes from placebo were averaged to determine the coefficient of variation within our experimental model, and 95% confidence interval (CI) was examined for differences between placebo and NZBC. There were no differences in cardiovascular responses at rest between conditions and between days. During submaximal exercise, no positive changes were observed on D1 and D4 after consuming NZBC extract. On D7, intake of 600 mg increased stroke volume (3.08 ml, 95% CI [−2.08, 8.26]; d = 0.16, p = .21), cardiac output (0.39 L/min, 95% CI [−1.39, .60]; d = 0.14, p = .40) (both +2.5%), and lowered total peripheral resistance by 6.5% (−0.46 mmHg·min/ml, 95% CI [−1.80, .89]; d = 0.18, p = .46). However, these changes were trivial and fell within the coefficient of variation of our study design. Therefore, we can conclude that NZBC extract was not effective in enhancing cardiovascular function during rest and submaximal exercise in endurance-trained fed cyclists.

Submaximal Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise in Children: Treadmill versus Cycle Ergometer

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-341
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Turley ◽  
Jack H. Wilmore
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Oxygen Difference

This study investigated whether cardiovascular responses at a given submaximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2, L · min-1) are different between the treadmill (TM) and cycle ergometer (CE). Submaximal cardiovascular measurements were obtained at three work rates on both the TM and CE in 7- to 9-year-old children (12 males and 12 females). Using regression analysis, it was determined that there were no differences between the TM and CE in cardiac output (L · min-1), stroke volume (SV, ml · beat-1) or heart rate (beats · min-1) at a given V̇O2 (L · min-1). There were differences in the total peripheral resistance (TPR, units) and arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-vO2 diff, ml · 100 ml-1) to V̇O2 (L · min-1) relationship. While there were statistically significant differences in TPR and a-vO2 diff between the two modalities, there was substantial overlap of individual values at any given submaximal V̇O2, thus the physiological significance is questionable. Hence, we conclude that in 7- to 9-yearold children there are no differences in submaximal cardiovascular responses between the CE and TM.

Central and peripheral adaptations of the gas transport system to one-leg training

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 1146-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Thomas ◽  
D. A. Cunningham ◽  
M. J. Plyley ◽  
D. R. Boughner ◽  
R. A. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Enzyme Analysis ◽  
Ergometer Exercise

The role of central and peripheral adaptations in the response to endurance training was examined. Changes in cardiac structure and function, oxygen extraction, and muscle enzyme activities following one-leg training were studied.Eleven subjects (eight females, three males) trained on a cycle ergometer 4 weeks with one leg (leg 1), then 4 weeks with the second leg (leg 2). Cardiovascular responses to exercise with both legs and each leg separately were evaluated at entry (T1), after 4 weeks of training (T2), and after a second 4 weeks of training (T3). Peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text] peak) during exercise with leg 1 (T1 to T2 increased 19.8% (P < 0.05) and during exercise with leg 2 (T2 to T3 increased 16.9% (P < 0.05). Maximal oxygen uptake with both legs increased 7.9% from T1 to T2 and 9.4% from T2 to T3 (P < 0.05). During exercise at 60% of [Formula: see text] peak, cardiac output [Formula: see text] was increased significantly only when the trained leg was exercised. [Formula: see text] increased 12.2% for leg 1 between T1 and T2 and 13.0% for leg 2 between T2 and T3 (P < 0.05). M-mode echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular internal diameter at diastole and peak velocity of circumferential fibre shortening at rest or during supine cycle ergometer exercise at T1 and T3 revealed no training induced changes in cardiac dimensions or function. Enzyme analysis of muscle biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis (At T1, T2, T3) revealed no consistent pattern of change in aerobic (malate dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) or anaerobic (phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydroginase, and creatine kinase) enzyme activities. Increases in cardiac output and maximal oxygen uptake which result from short duration endurance training can be achieved, therefore, without measurable central cardiac adaptation. The absence of echocardio-graphically determined changes in cardiac dimensions and contractility and the absence of an increase in cardiac output during exercise with the nontrained leg following training of the contralateral limb support this conclusion.

Comparison of two noninvasive techniques for estimating cardiac output during exercise

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Hatcher ◽  
O. D. Srb
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Impedance Plethysmography ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Noninvasive Techniques ◽  
Transthoracic Impedance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Subjects

This study presents the comparison of two different noninvasive techniques for the estimation of cardiac output (Q). The two techniques used were transthoracic impedance plethysmography (Z) and the indirect Fick CO2 rebreathing (RB) method. Paired estimates of Q were made on 60 different male subjects at rest and during graded increments of work on a cycle ergometer. The mean resting Q as measured by the Z technique (COZ) was 7.46 +/- 0.35 and 5.96 +/- 0.43 l/min using the RB (CORB) technique. At 200 W the mean COZ was 18.67 +/- 0.72 l/min and the CORB was 23.73 +/- 0.84 l/min. Both the techniques were linearly correlated (R) with O2 consumption; i.e., RZ = 0.752, RRB = 0.855. The difference between these two R values is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). A linear relationship was found between the Z and RB techniques at all work loads (R = 0.75). This study suggests that both techniques are equally as reliable over a large range of work loads, with the Z technique being the simplest and most efficient to implement. It was also found that lung volume had no effect on the calculated COZ.

A simple module for on-line computation of stroke volume and cardiac output

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 927-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pinardi ◽  
A. Sainz ◽  
E. Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Simple Module ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Aortic Blood Flow ◽  
Aortic Blood ◽  
On Line ◽  
Aortic Blood Flow Velocity

An easily constructed, low-priced, simple, and reliable module to obtain stroke volume and cardiac output by analog integration of aortic blood flow velocity signals is described. Rapid data analysis of physiologic and pharmacologic cardiovascular responses in dogs is greatly facilitated by on line computation of these parameters.

scholarly journals The Use of Imagery to Manipulate Challenge and Threat Appraisal States in Athletes

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Williams ◽  
Jennifer Cumming ◽  
George M. Balanos
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Appraisal ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Stress Appraisal ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Challenge And Threat ◽  
Imagery Scripts

The present study investigated whether imagery could manipulate athletes’ appraisal of stress-evoking situations (i.e., challenge or threat) and whether psychological and cardiovascular responses and interpretations varied according to cognitive appraisal of three imagery scripts: challenge, neutral, and threat. Twenty athletes (Mage = 20.85; SD = 1.76; 10 female, 10 male) imaged each script while heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output were obtained using Doppler echocardiography. State anxiety and self-confidence were assessed following each script using the Immediate Anxiety Measures Scale. During the imagery, a significant increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output occurred for the challenge and threat scripts (p < .05). Although there were no differences in physiological response intensities for both stress-evoking scripts, these responses, along with anxiety symptoms, were interpreted as facilitative during the challenge script and debilitative during the threat script. Results support using imagery to facilitate adaptive stress appraisal.

Cardiovascular responses to stimulation of carotid baroreceptors in healthy subjects

1988 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hainsworth ◽  
Y. M. H. Al-Shamma
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Pulse Interval ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Carotid Baroreceptors ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Pressures

1. Carotid baroreceptors were stimulated by application of a subatmospheric pressure to a chamber fitted round the anterior and lateral aspects of the subject's neck (neck suction). Pulse interval and heart rate were determined from an electrocardiogram, cardiac output by a single-breath method and arterial blood pressure by an automatic sphygmomanometer. 2. The maximal prolongation of the pulse interval, determined during held expiration, occurred within 2–3 s from the onset of the neck suction. All the measured variables were in steady states between 2 and 3 min from the start of neck suction. 3. Neck suction at − 10 mmHg resulted only in an immediate change in pulse interval. All variables changed approximately linearly with the magnitude of the neck suction between − 10 and − 40 mmHg. 4. The reproducibilities of the responses to neck suction at − 30 mmHg, expressed as two standard deviations of the differences between responses on two occasions, were (mean responses in parentheses): immediate pulse interval, ± 32 (+ 236) ms; steady-state heart rate, ± 2.5 (− 6.5) beats/min; cardiac output ± 0.14 (− 0.59) 1/min; systolic and diastolic blood pressures, ± 10.0 (− 16.9) and ± 5.4 (− 10.1) mmHg, respectively. 5. Control values and responses to neck suction at − 30 mmHg were compared in subjects grouped in four age bands between 19 and 80 years. With increasing age, the control value of cardiac index (cardiac output divided by calculated body surface area) decreased, systolic and diastolic pressures increased, and the responses of all the measured variables to neck suction decreased. These results, obtained from a healthy population, provide reference values for comparison with those of individuals who may have abnormal baroreceptor reflexes.

scholarly journals Abnormal cardiovascular response to nitroglycerin in migraine

Cephalalgia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-277
Author(s):  
Willebrordus PJ van Oosterhout ◽  
Guus G Schoonman ◽  
Dirk P Saal ◽  
Roland D Thijs ◽  
Michel D Ferrari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Total Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Initial Increase

Introduction Migraine and vasovagal syncope are comorbid conditions that may share part of their pathophysiology through autonomic control of the systemic circulation. Nitroglycerin can trigger both syncope and migraine attacks, suggesting enhanced systemic sensitivity in migraine. We aimed to determine the cardiovascular responses to nitroglycerin in migraine. Methods In 16 women with migraine without aura and 10 age- and gender-matched controls without headache, intravenous nitroglycerin (0.5 µg·kg−1·min−1) was administered. Finger photoplethysmography continuously assessed cardiovascular parameters (mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume and total peripheral resistance) before, during and after nitroglycerin infusion. Results Nitroglycerin provoked a migraine-like attack in 13/16 (81.2%) migraineurs but not in controls ( p = .0001). No syncope was provoked. Migraineurs who later developed a migraine-like attack showed different responses in all parameters vs. controls (all p < .001): The decreases in cardiac output and stroke volume were more rapid and longer lasting, heart rate increased, mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance were higher and decreased steeply after an initial increase. Discussion Migraineurs who developed a migraine-like attack in response to nitroglycerin showed stronger systemic cardiovascular responses compared to non-headache controls. The stronger systemic cardiovascular responses in migraine suggest increased systemic sensitivity to vasodilators, possibly due to insufficient autonomic compensatory mechanisms.

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