Cocaine and exercise: alteration in carbohydrate metabolism in adrenodemedullated rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O. Ojuka ◽  
J. D. Bell ◽  
G. W. Fellingham ◽  
R. K. Conlee
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Catecholamine Response ◽  
Lactate Levels

The combined treatment of cocaine-exercise (CE) causes an exaggerated catecholamine response, a rapid depletion of muscle glycogen, and accumulation of lactic acid. To assess the contribution of the adrenal medulla in the catecholamine response and to determine the role of epinephrine (Epi) on carbohydrate metabolism, cocaine (20 mg/kg ip) or saline was injected into sham-operated (Sham) or adrenodemedullated (AdM) rats, which then ran for 5 min at 56 m/min, 0% grade. In Sham rats, CE caused plasma Epi values (means +/- SE) to rise to 27.7 +/- 6.9 nM compared with 13.3 +/- 1.5 nM in saline-exercise (SE) and 0.8 +/- 0.2 nM in both AdM-CE and AdM-SE animals (P < 0.05). With minimal Epi in AdM, CE still caused glycogen to fall to lower levels (25.4 +/- 3.0 mumol/g vs. 40.5 +/- 2.4 mumol/g) and lactate to rise to higher levels (17 +/- 3 vs. 9 +/- 1 mumol/kg) in white vastus muscle than in SE group (P < 0.05). CE had no significant effect on soleus and red vastus glycogenolysis but it did cause lactate accumulation in red vastus. As a result, plasma lactate levels were also higher after CE compared with SE in AdM (17.9 +/- 2.0 vs. 8.5 +/- 0.5 mM, P < 0.05). We conclude that during CE 1) Epi is not essential to the alteration in carbohydrate metabolism; 2) the latter may be related to the other catecholamines; 3) the adrenal medulla is the only source of Epi; and 4) the adrenal medulla is not the source of the increased levels of norepinephrine or dopamine.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Carbohydrate Exchange in Patients with Generalized Periodontitis of Young Age Persons

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halyna Kimak ◽  
Halyna Melnychuk ◽  
Hanna Ersteniuk
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oral Liquid ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Healthy Persons

There were studied 92 somatically healthy persons of young age (18-25 years old), with generalized periodontitis (GP) of initial-I degree of development, among them: 30 patients with chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP), who were included into group І; and 32 patients with exacerbation of the chronic generalized periodontitis (ECGP) – into group II; and 30 healthy patients. The carbohydrate metabolism indexes were studied, namely: the content of glucose, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) and lactate (lactic acid) and lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDG) in the oral liquid.We have determined that in the presence of CGP of the initial-I degree of development, and especially in its exacerbation, there is a significant increase of indicators of carbohydrate metabolism. In young patients with CGP indicators of glucose, pyruvate, lactate and LDG activity in the oral liquid increased by 2.0, 1.34, 1.58 and 1.37 (p<0.001, p<0.01) times respectively, and in case of ECGP they grew even more: by 2.71, 1.98, 1.76 and 2.07 (p<0.001) times, respectively.Among all the indicators, that characterize the carbohydrate metabolism, in addition to the level of pyruvate, in case of different course of GP a significant difference was revealed: in patients with ECGP compared with the data in CGP, glucose and lactate levels and LDG activity in the oral liquid were significantly higher - at 35.75% (p<0.05), 34.29% (p<0.01) and 36.59% (p<0.001) respectively.Detected violations of carbohydrate metabolism indeces in the oral liquid indicate the involvement of these processes in the pathogenesis of GP and the necessity of their correction. 

Effects of Acute Exposure to Bleached Kraft Pulpmill Effluent on Carbohydrate Metabolism of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) During Rest and Exercise

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. McLeay ◽  
D. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Glycogen Stores

In the static study (no exercise), liver glycogen stores were unchanged during 12-h exposure to 0.8 of the 96-h LC50; longer exposures caused a progressive decrease to levels one fifth those of controls at 72 h. Plasma glucose levels in fish held in 0.8 LC50 effluent for 3–96 h were elevated; at 96 h, glucose had increased threefold. Mean values for plasma lactate were elevated significantly at 3, 6, 24, 72, and 96 h.In the exercise (swimming one body length per second)–rest study, muscle glycogen levels decreased 53–78% during exercise in water or effluent (0.7 LC50) for 4–12 h, and did not recover during 12-h rest in water. Muscle glycogen for fish exercised for 12 h in effluent and then rested for 4 or 12 h in effluent was lower compared to values for fish exercised in effluent and then rested in water. There was no difference in liver glycogen levels offish exercised in effluent or water for 4–12 h. Values of liver glycogen for fish exercised in effluent for 12 h and then rested for 4, 8, or 12 h in effluent decreased 60–70% compared to fish exercised in water for 12 h and then rested in water and by 55–65% from fish exercised in effluent for 12 h and rested in water for 4–12 h. Plasma glucose levels were elevated one- to fourfold during exercise in water or effluent. Fish resting in water for 4, 8, or 12 h following exercise in water had relatively stable glucose levels; whereas for fish exercised and then rested in effluent the glucose levels increased twofold during resting. Plasma lactate levels were elevated five- to sixfold during exercise in water or effluent for 4–12 h, declining to values 1–2 times those of stock fish within 4-h rest. Plasma lactate levels for fish exercised in effluent and then rested in effluent or water were continually higher than those for fish exercised and rested in water.It was concluded that measurement of carbohydrate metabolites, particularly blood sugar levels, in unexercised fish could prove useful as a rapid method for measuring toxicity of pulpmill effluents and other pollutants.

Effects of oestradiol, progesterone and androstenedione on the pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized ewes during spring and autumn

1983 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Martin ◽  
R. J. Scaramuzzi ◽  
J. D. Henstridge
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ovarian Steroids ◽  
Pulsatile Secretion ◽  
Lh Secretion

The effects of oestradiol-17β, androstenedione, progesterone and time of the year on the pulsatile secretion of LH were tested in ovariectomized Merino ewes (n = 32). The steroids were administered by small subcutaneous implants, and the LH pulses were observed in samples taken at intervals of 15 min for 12 h in spring 1979, autumn 1980 and spring 1980, seasons corresponding to successive periods of anoestrus, breeding season and anoestrus. During spring, oestradiol alone was able to reduce the frequency of the LH pulses, while progesterone, either alone or in combination with oestradiol, had little effect. During autumn, on the other hand, neither oestradiol nor progesterone could significantly reduce the frequency of the pulses when administered independently, whereas the combined treatment was very effective. Androstenedione had no significant effect on pulse frequency at either time of the year, either alone or in any combination with oestradiol and progesterone. The basal levels of LH, over which the pulses are superimposed, were reduced by oestradiol alone in both seasons. Progesterone alone had no consistent effects, but interacted significantly with oestradiol and this combined treatment maintained low basal levels most effectively at all times. Androstenedione had no significant effect. The amplitude of the pulses increased throughout the course of the experiment. Within seasons, the amplitudes were significantly higher in the presence of oestradiol and progesterone, but were not significantly affected by androstenedione. It was concluded that certain of the ovarian steroids exert negative feedback on the tonic secretion of LH primarily by reducing the frequency of the pulses, and that the changes in LH secretion attributable to season and phases of the oestrous cycle can be accounted for entirely by the responses of the hypothalamus to oestradiol and progesterone. The role of the androstenedione secreted by the ovary in the ewe remains obscure.

scholarly journals Role of Plasmids in Lactobacillus brevis BSO 464 Hop Tolerance and Beer Spoilage

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 1234-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordyn Bergsveinson ◽  
Nina Baecker ◽  
Vanessa Pittet ◽  
Barry Ziola
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plasmid Curing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dramatic Effect ◽  
Plasmid Loss ◽  
Beer Spoilage

ABSTRACTSpecific isolates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can grow in the harsh beer environment, thus posing a threat to brew quality and the economic success of breweries worldwide. Plasmid-localized genes, such ashorA,horC, andhitA, have been suggested to confer hop tolerance, a trait required for LAB survival in beer. The presence and expression of these genes among LAB, however, do not universally correlate with the ability to grow in beer. Genome sequencing of the virulent beer spoilage organismLactobacillus brevisBSO 464 revealed the presence of eight plasmids, with plasmids 1, 2, and 3 containinghorA,horC, andhitA, respectively. To investigate the roles that these and the other five plasmids play inL. brevisBSO 464 growth in beer, plasmid curing with novobiocin was used to derive 10 plasmid variants. Multiplex PCRs were utilized to determine the presence or absence of each plasmid, and how plasmid loss affected hop tolerance and growth in degassed (noncarbonated) beer was assessed. Loss of three of the eight plasmids was found to affect hop tolerance and growth in beer. Loss of plasmid 2 (horCand 28 other genes) had the most dramatic effect, with loss of plasmid 4 (120 genes) and plasmid 8 (47 genes) having significant, but smaller, impacts. These results support the contention that genes on mobile genetic elements are essential for bacterial growth in beer and that beer spoilage ability is not dependent solely on the three previously described hop tolerance genes or on the chromosome of a beer spoilage LAB isolate.

Epinephrine and Carbohydrate Metabolism

1958 ◽  
Vol 194 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas R. Drury ◽  
Arne N. Wick
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Glycogen

It is generally accepted that epinephrine promotes the breakdown of muscle glycogen to lactic acid and that this lactic acid is largely reconverted to glycogen by the liver. We have re-examined this concept making use of lactate, and glucose, C14-labeled. These compounds were injected into intact rabbits after they had been given a dose of epinephrine. In this way the circulating lactate, or glucose, would be tagged and we could follow the disposal of it. We found that the lactate is very quickly oxidized to CO2 and very little is converted to glucose or glycogen. The lactate is much more quickly burned than is the glucose. The lactate set free by epinephrine serves as an important emergency fuel that can be quickly burned by the organism.

Adjunct Cultures in Cheese Technology

2018 ◽  
pp. 234-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayşe Gürsoy ◽  
Nazlı Türkmen
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cheese Ripening ◽  
Adjunct Cultures ◽  
Ripening Time ◽  
Selection Of

Cheese ripening involves highly complex biochemical events. Coagulant enzymes as well as the utilized starters play an important role in these events. Two types of starters are used: primary and secondary. The main role of the primary culture, which consists of lactic acid bacteria, is to carry out lactic production during fermentation. They contribute to proteolysis and limited flavor formation with the enzymes they possess. Secondary or adjunct cultures are used to develop the texture and to accelerate the ripening. During the selection of this type of culture, enzyme profiles (i.e., proteolytic and lipolytic activities and their autolyse levels) in cheese are the primary factors to be taken into consideration. Apart from these, the other factors are their positive effects on health, availability, and economy. Adjunct cultures include yeast, molds, and bacteria. Some of the heterofermentative lactobacilli species, in particular weakened strains, are used as adjunct cultures in order to accelerate the ripening and shorten the ripening time in fat-reduced and low-fat cheeses. This chapter explores adjunct cultures in cheese technology.

Gluconeogenic pathway in liver and muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1591-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Johnson ◽  
G. J. Bagby
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Direct Pathway ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Lactate Levels

To determine whether prior exercise affects the pathways of liver and muscle glycogen synthesis, rested and postexercised rats fasted for 24 h were infused with glucose (200 mumol.min-1.kg-1 iv) containing [6-3H]glucose. Hyperglycemia was exaggerated in postexercised rats, but blood lactate levels were lower than in nonexercised rats. The percent of hepatic glycogen synthesized from the indirect pathway (via gluconeogenesis) did not differ between exercised (39%) and nonexercised (36%) rats. In red muscle, glycogen was synthesized entirely by the direct pathway (uptake and phosphorylation of plasma glucose) in both groups. However, only approximately 50% of glycogen was formed via the direct pathway in white muscle of exercised and nonexercised rats. Therefore prior exercise did not alter the pathways of tissue glycogen synthesis. To further study the incorporation of gluconeogenic precursors into muscle glycogen, exercised rats were infused with either saline, lactate (100 mumol.min-1.kg-1), or glucose (200 mumol.min-1.kg-1), containing [6-3H]glucose and [14C(U)]lactate. Plasma glucose was elevated one- to twofold and three- to fourfold by lactate and glucose infusion, respectively. Plasma lactate levels were elevated by about threefold during both glucose and lactate infusion. Glycogen was partially synthesized via an indirect pathway in white muscle and liver of glucose- or lactate-infused rats but not in saline-infused animals. Thus participation of an indirect pathway in white skeletal muscle glycogen synthesis required prolonged elevation of plasma lactate levels produced by nutritive support.

Effects of Hormones on Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Alligator

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octavia R. Stevenson ◽  
Roland A. Coulson ◽  
Thomas Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Bovine Somatotropin ◽  
Normal Rate ◽  
Exogenous Glucose

The use of cold-blooded animals in research on carbohydrate metabolism permits one to observe the effects of stimuli for a period of days instead of minutes. With this fact in mind, epinephrine, insulin, hydrocortisone, glucagon and purified bovine somatotropin were injected into young alligators for various periods of time. Following the injections, bloods and urines were analyzed for glucose, lactate and electrolytes. Epinephrine and glucagon produced a 250–400 mg % rise in blood glucose. This hyperglycemia lasted for as long as 70 hours. Whereas epinephrine evoked a marked hyperlactemia which lasted for 10–20 hours, glucagon had no effect on lactic acid. Alligators primed with hydrocortisone showed a decreased ability to dispose of the lactic acid produced by epinephrine. Although epinephrine quickly reduced the stores of liver and muscle glycogen, the glycogen supply was replenished in 5 days or less, even when the alligators were deprived of food. Both somatotropin and hydrocortisone produced a slight hyperglycemia when given singly. When combined, they caused a marked hyperglycemia with glycosuria. In spite of the production of an apparent ‘diabetes,’ these alligators disposed of exogenous glucose at a nearly normal rate.

LACTATE METABOLISM IN RAINBOW TROUT

1993 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Milligan ◽  
S. S. Girard
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Lactate Clearance ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Hepatic Portal

We have investigated the metabolic fate of blood lactate in resting rainbow trout and in fish recovering from a bout of exhaustive exercise. At rest and during recovery from exercise, the majority of blood lactate was oxidized, the proportion increasing with increasing oxygen consumption. It is estimated that, during recovery from exhaustive exercise, lactate released from the muscle has the potential to fuel a significant portion of oxidative metabolism. The bulk of the remaining blood lactate reappeared in the muscle lactate pool, probably via direct uptake by the muscle. There was a significant incorporation of blood lactate into the muscle glycogen pool, providing strong evidence for in situ glycogenesis as the mode for muscle glycogen replenishment. To investigate the role of the liver in blood lactate clearance, trout were functionally hepatectomized by ligation of the hepatic portal circulation. The exercise performance of hepatectomized fish was equal to that of sham- operated fish and controls, indicating that muscle relies primarily on endogenous fuel stores. Furthermore, blood lactate levels immediately after exercise were greater and muscle metabolic recovery was faster in hepatectomized fish than in sham-operated fish and controls. These observations suggest that glycogen resynthesis in trout muscle may be retarded because of a non- recoverable loss of substrate (i.e. lactate) from the muscle, because the lactate released is utilized by the liver. These results are discussed in view of what is known about these processes in other ectothermic vertebrates.

Non-Release of Lactic Acid from Anaerobic Swimming Muscle of Plaice Pleuronectes Platessa L.: A Stress Reaction

1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. WARDLE
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Stress Reaction ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Exhausting Exercise ◽  
Adrenergic Block ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Blood Lactate Levels

1. Plaice caught by trawl net and plaice exercised in laboratory tanks all show high levels of lactic acid (33–44 mmol/kg) in the anaerobic swimming muscle. During exhausting exercise 2 moles of lactate are formed from 1 mole of glycogen glucose. After an 8 h rest 50–80% of the muscle glycogen is restored. 2. Blood lactate levels remain low (0.5-2 mmol/1) in the majority of plaice caught by trawl. In a small number of plaice, peak levels over 5 mmol/1 are reached 2-4 h after capture. Low blood lactate levels could be guaranteed in all fish exercised 24 h after the stress of capture and in tank-adapted fish exercised and injected with the β-adrenergic stimulating drug, isoxsuprine hydrochloride. The blood lactate in plaice, tank-adapted for more than 8 days and then exercised, may reach peak levels up to 5 mmol/l 2-4 h later. 3. High blood lactate levels were obtained by injecting the β-adrenergic block propranolol to stressed exercised fish. The α-adrenergic block did not have this effect. All plaice with blood lactate levels reaching 5–12 mmol/l died. 4. The results indicate that the muscle cells regulate the release or nonrelease of their lactate load to the blood stream and increases in the blood circulating to the muscle do not influence this release. The non-release mechanism may be actived by a catecholamine circulated in the blood stream following a stress.

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