Epinephrine and Carbohydrate Metabolism

Douglas R. Drury; Arne N. Wick

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.194.3.465

Epinephrine and Carbohydrate Metabolism

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.194.3.465 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 194 (3) ◽

pp. 465-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Douglas R. Drury ◽

Arne N. Wick

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Muscle Glycogen

It is generally accepted that epinephrine promotes the breakdown of muscle glycogen to lactic acid and that this lactic acid is largely reconverted to glycogen by the liver. We have re-examined this concept making use of lactate, and glucose, C14-labeled. These compounds were injected into intact rabbits after they had been given a dose of epinephrine. In this way the circulating lactate, or glucose, would be tagged and we could follow the disposal of it. We found that the lactate is very quickly oxidized to CO2 and very little is converted to glucose or glycogen. The lactate is much more quickly burned than is the glucose. The lactate set free by epinephrine serves as an important emergency fuel that can be quickly burned by the organism.

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Effects of Hormones on Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Alligator

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1957.191.1.95 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 191 (1) ◽

pp. 95-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Octavia R. Stevenson ◽

Roland A. Coulson ◽

Thomas Hernandez

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Muscle Glycogen ◽

Bovine Somatotropin ◽

Normal Rate ◽

Exogenous Glucose

The use of cold-blooded animals in research on carbohydrate metabolism permits one to observe the effects of stimuli for a period of days instead of minutes. With this fact in mind, epinephrine, insulin, hydrocortisone, glucagon and purified bovine somatotropin were injected into young alligators for various periods of time. Following the injections, bloods and urines were analyzed for glucose, lactate and electrolytes. Epinephrine and glucagon produced a 250–400 mg % rise in blood glucose. This hyperglycemia lasted for as long as 70 hours. Whereas epinephrine evoked a marked hyperlactemia which lasted for 10–20 hours, glucagon had no effect on lactic acid. Alligators primed with hydrocortisone showed a decreased ability to dispose of the lactic acid produced by epinephrine. Although epinephrine quickly reduced the stores of liver and muscle glycogen, the glycogen supply was replenished in 5 days or less, even when the alligators were deprived of food. Both somatotropin and hydrocortisone produced a slight hyperglycemia when given singly. When combined, they caused a marked hyperglycemia with glycosuria. In spite of the production of an apparent ‘diabetes,’ these alligators disposed of exogenous glucose at a nearly normal rate.

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Cocaine and exercise: alteration in carbohydrate metabolism in adrenodemedullated rats

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1996.80.1.124 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 124-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. O. Ojuka ◽

J. D. Bell ◽

G. W. Fellingham ◽

R. K. Conlee

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Adrenal Medulla ◽

Muscle Glycogen ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

The Other ◽

Plasma Lactate ◽

Catecholamine Response ◽

Lactate Levels

The combined treatment of cocaine-exercise (CE) causes an exaggerated catecholamine response, a rapid depletion of muscle glycogen, and accumulation of lactic acid. To assess the contribution of the adrenal medulla in the catecholamine response and to determine the role of epinephrine (Epi) on carbohydrate metabolism, cocaine (20 mg/kg ip) or saline was injected into sham-operated (Sham) or adrenodemedullated (AdM) rats, which then ran for 5 min at 56 m/min, 0% grade. In Sham rats, CE caused plasma Epi values (means +/- SE) to rise to 27.7 +/- 6.9 nM compared with 13.3 +/- 1.5 nM in saline-exercise (SE) and 0.8 +/- 0.2 nM in both AdM-CE and AdM-SE animals (P < 0.05). With minimal Epi in AdM, CE still caused glycogen to fall to lower levels (25.4 +/- 3.0 mumol/g vs. 40.5 +/- 2.4 mumol/g) and lactate to rise to higher levels (17 +/- 3 vs. 9 +/- 1 mumol/kg) in white vastus muscle than in SE group (P < 0.05). CE had no significant effect on soleus and red vastus glycogenolysis but it did cause lactate accumulation in red vastus. As a result, plasma lactate levels were also higher after CE compared with SE in AdM (17.9 +/- 2.0 vs. 8.5 +/- 0.5 mM, P < 0.05). We conclude that during CE 1) Epi is not essential to the alteration in carbohydrate metabolism; 2) the latter may be related to the other catecholamines; 3) the adrenal medulla is the only source of Epi; and 4) the adrenal medulla is not the source of the increased levels of norepinephrine or dopamine.

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Peculiarities of Carbohydrate Exchange in Patients with Generalized Periodontitis of Young Age Persons

Galician Medical Journal ◽

10.21802/gmj.2018.2.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Halyna Kimak ◽

Halyna Melnychuk ◽

Hanna Ersteniuk

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Young Patients ◽

Young Age ◽

Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Oral Liquid ◽

Lactate Levels ◽

Healthy Persons

There were studied 92 somatically healthy persons of young age (18-25 years old), with generalized periodontitis (GP) of initial-I degree of development, among them: 30 patients with chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP), who were included into group І; and 32 patients with exacerbation of the chronic generalized periodontitis (ECGP) – into group II; and 30 healthy patients. The carbohydrate metabolism indexes were studied, namely: the content of glucose, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) and lactate (lactic acid) and lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDG) in the oral liquid.We have determined that in the presence of CGP of the initial-I degree of development, and especially in its exacerbation, there is a significant increase of indicators of carbohydrate metabolism. In young patients with CGP indicators of glucose, pyruvate, lactate and LDG activity in the oral liquid increased by 2.0, 1.34, 1.58 and 1.37 (p<0.001, p<0.01) times respectively, and in case of ECGP they grew even more: by 2.71, 1.98, 1.76 and 2.07 (p<0.001) times, respectively.Among all the indicators, that characterize the carbohydrate metabolism, in addition to the level of pyruvate, in case of different course of GP a significant difference was revealed: in patients with ECGP compared with the data in CGP, glucose and lactate levels and LDG activity in the oral liquid were significantly higher - at 35.75% (p<0.05), 34.29% (p<0.01) and 36.59% (p<0.001) respectively.Detected violations of carbohydrate metabolism indeces in the oral liquid indicate the involvement of these processes in the pathogenesis of GP and the necessity of their correction.

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Carbohydrate Metabolism of Chick Fibroblasts in Vitro

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.18.3.237 ◽

1942 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 237-256

Author(s):

E. N. WILLMER

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Acid Production ◽

Lactic Acid Production ◽

High Growth ◽

Glucose Consumption ◽

High Growth Rate ◽

Absolute Correlation ◽

Heart Cultures

1. The glucose consumption of osteoblasts growing in a medium of plasma and embryo juice has been compared with that of the same cells in plasma and Tyrode medium. Embryo juice causes an initial increased glucose consumption which later falls below the level characteristic of a Tyrode-plasma medium. 2. A modification of a method of measuring the nucleoprotein phosphorus content of tissue cultures is described and among other data obtained the changes which occur in this figure have been noted for fourth passage chick osteoblast cultures and for fresh heart explants during the first 4 days of culture in media of plasma and Tyrode and of plasma and embryo juice. 3. The figures for nucleoprotein content have been correlated with those for glucose consumption and lactic acid production and pronounced differences have been observed in the behaviour of the two types of tissue. The possible significance of the findings is discussed. 4. There is no absolute correlation between high growth rate and high sugar consumption or lactic acid production. 5. The data discussed are consistent with the idea that an increased protein metabolism, and a decreased carbohydrate metabolism result from the addition of embryo juice to osteoblast cultures. Embryo juice has no detectable effects on the carbohydrate metabolism of fresh heart cultures.

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STUDIES OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE NEWBORN INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.32.6.1007 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 1007-1024

Author(s):

M. Cornblath ◽

S. H. Wybregt ◽

G. S. Baens

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Premature Infant ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Large Brain ◽

Low Levels

The rate of disappearance of an exogenous load of glucose (1 gm/kg) administered rapidly intravenously is reduced in premature infants under 3 days of age as compared to infants over 7 days of age, children, and adults. Premature infants are not leucine sensitive and respond to tolbutamide with less of a hypoglycemia under 3 days of age than after 7 days. Galactose (1 gm/kg) is cleared more slowly in the premature infant than the adult, but is rapidly converted to glucose. After intravenous fructose (1 gm/kg), there is a transient drop in blood glucose and an immediate rise in lactic acid in the premature infant. Subsequently, a hyperglucosemia occurs. Glucagon and glucagon plus epinephrine produce a hyperglycemic response in the premature infant; the hyperglycemia being greater after 7 days of age as compared to that between 3 to 7 days. In the premature infant, the metabolic needs of the relatively large brain, which is glucose dependent and is not insulin sensitive, may exceed the capacity of the liver to produce glucose during fasting. This may explain the relatively low levels of glucose in the blood of these infants.

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Relationship between changes in core body temperature in lambs and post-slaughter muscle glycogen content and dark-cutting

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an12379 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 459 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

D. G. Pighin ◽

W. Brown ◽

D. M. Ferguson ◽

A. D. Fisher ◽

R. D. Warner

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Muscle Glycogen ◽

Glycogen Content ◽

Core Body Temperature ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Muscle Glycogen Content ◽

Core Body

Pre-slaughter stress may decrease muscle glycogen content, a key element for a suitable low ultimate pH and prevention of dark-cutting meat. Body temperature monitoring is a tool used in research on animal stress, as an indicator of stress events. Possible relationships between body temperature of sheep and post-mortem muscle glycogen were investigated in this study. Body temperature was measured with intravaginal loggers inserted into each animal at 3 days pre-slaughter, to record body temperature every 3 min over a period of 3 days. Blood samples were collected from each animal at exsanguination for measurement of glucose and lactic acid concentrations. The muscle content of glycogen and lactic acid were determined in samples of M. longissimus collected at the level of the 13th rib, at 1 h post-slaughter. A plot of body temperature versus time showed a rise in body temperature from all animals during events such as mustering, loading onto the truck, unloading at the abattoir, during pre-slaughter handling and at slaughter. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were determined between (1) the main temperature increments occurring between farm and slaughter; and (2) post-slaughter muscle glycogen and lactate levels. A significant negative correlation was detected between elevation in core body temperature due to physical stress of sheep and muscle glycogen levels at slaughter. A low correlation was detected between body temperature and blood glucose or lactate concentrations. Further research should examine the relationship between core body temperature and meat quality in order to better understand the complex relationship between animal stress and meat quality.

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