Effects of Hormones on Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Alligator

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octavia R. Stevenson ◽  
Roland A. Coulson ◽  
Thomas Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Bovine Somatotropin ◽  
Normal Rate ◽  
Exogenous Glucose

The use of cold-blooded animals in research on carbohydrate metabolism permits one to observe the effects of stimuli for a period of days instead of minutes. With this fact in mind, epinephrine, insulin, hydrocortisone, glucagon and purified bovine somatotropin were injected into young alligators for various periods of time. Following the injections, bloods and urines were analyzed for glucose, lactate and electrolytes. Epinephrine and glucagon produced a 250–400 mg % rise in blood glucose. This hyperglycemia lasted for as long as 70 hours. Whereas epinephrine evoked a marked hyperlactemia which lasted for 10–20 hours, glucagon had no effect on lactic acid. Alligators primed with hydrocortisone showed a decreased ability to dispose of the lactic acid produced by epinephrine. Although epinephrine quickly reduced the stores of liver and muscle glycogen, the glycogen supply was replenished in 5 days or less, even when the alligators were deprived of food. Both somatotropin and hydrocortisone produced a slight hyperglycemia when given singly. When combined, they caused a marked hyperglycemia with glycosuria. In spite of the production of an apparent ‘diabetes,’ these alligators disposed of exogenous glucose at a nearly normal rate.

STUDIES OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE NEWBORN INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1007-1024
Author(s):  
M. Cornblath ◽  
S. H. Wybregt ◽  
G. S. Baens
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Premature Infant ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Large Brain ◽  
Low Levels

The rate of disappearance of an exogenous load of glucose (1 gm/kg) administered rapidly intravenously is reduced in premature infants under 3 days of age as compared to infants over 7 days of age, children, and adults. Premature infants are not leucine sensitive and respond to tolbutamide with less of a hypoglycemia under 3 days of age than after 7 days. Galactose (1 gm/kg) is cleared more slowly in the premature infant than the adult, but is rapidly converted to glucose. After intravenous fructose (1 gm/kg), there is a transient drop in blood glucose and an immediate rise in lactic acid in the premature infant. Subsequently, a hyperglucosemia occurs. Glucagon and glucagon plus epinephrine produce a hyperglycemic response in the premature infant; the hyperglycemia being greater after 7 days of age as compared to that between 3 to 7 days. In the premature infant, the metabolic needs of the relatively large brain, which is glucose dependent and is not insulin sensitive, may exceed the capacity of the liver to produce glucose during fasting. This may explain the relatively low levels of glucose in the blood of these infants.

Epinephrine and Carbohydrate Metabolism

1958 ◽  
Vol 194 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas R. Drury ◽  
Arne N. Wick
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Glycogen

It is generally accepted that epinephrine promotes the breakdown of muscle glycogen to lactic acid and that this lactic acid is largely reconverted to glycogen by the liver. We have re-examined this concept making use of lactate, and glucose, C14-labeled. These compounds were injected into intact rabbits after they had been given a dose of epinephrine. In this way the circulating lactate, or glucose, would be tagged and we could follow the disposal of it. We found that the lactate is very quickly oxidized to CO2 and very little is converted to glucose or glycogen. The lactate is much more quickly burned than is the glucose. The lactate set free by epinephrine serves as an important emergency fuel that can be quickly burned by the organism.

Cocaine and exercise: alteration in carbohydrate metabolism in adrenodemedullated rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O. Ojuka ◽  
J. D. Bell ◽  
G. W. Fellingham ◽  
R. K. Conlee
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Catecholamine Response ◽  
Lactate Levels

The combined treatment of cocaine-exercise (CE) causes an exaggerated catecholamine response, a rapid depletion of muscle glycogen, and accumulation of lactic acid. To assess the contribution of the adrenal medulla in the catecholamine response and to determine the role of epinephrine (Epi) on carbohydrate metabolism, cocaine (20 mg/kg ip) or saline was injected into sham-operated (Sham) or adrenodemedullated (AdM) rats, which then ran for 5 min at 56 m/min, 0% grade. In Sham rats, CE caused plasma Epi values (means +/- SE) to rise to 27.7 +/- 6.9 nM compared with 13.3 +/- 1.5 nM in saline-exercise (SE) and 0.8 +/- 0.2 nM in both AdM-CE and AdM-SE animals (P < 0.05). With minimal Epi in AdM, CE still caused glycogen to fall to lower levels (25.4 +/- 3.0 mumol/g vs. 40.5 +/- 2.4 mumol/g) and lactate to rise to higher levels (17 +/- 3 vs. 9 +/- 1 mumol/kg) in white vastus muscle than in SE group (P < 0.05). CE had no significant effect on soleus and red vastus glycogenolysis but it did cause lactate accumulation in red vastus. As a result, plasma lactate levels were also higher after CE compared with SE in AdM (17.9 +/- 2.0 vs. 8.5 +/- 0.5 mM, P < 0.05). We conclude that during CE 1) Epi is not essential to the alteration in carbohydrate metabolism; 2) the latter may be related to the other catecholamines; 3) the adrenal medulla is the only source of Epi; and 4) the adrenal medulla is not the source of the increased levels of norepinephrine or dopamine.

Carbohydrate metabolism of mice exposed to simulated changes in gravity

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiro Oyama ◽  
William T. Platt
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glycogen Deposition ◽  
Adrenal Corticosterone

Unrestrained mice were centrifuged for varying periods ranging from 0.5 to 10 hr at 2.5, 5, and 10 x gravity. Liver glycogen and blood glucose levels increased significantly depending on the g load and exposure time. Adrenalectomy completely abolished the glycogen deposition response. The glycogen response was a critical function of the age of mice; unweaned mice did not respond. Blood corticosterone increased significantly prior to the deposition of glycogen. Centrifuged fed mice deposited three times the amount of glycogen of fasted mice. There was no significant difference in the amount of glycogen deposited in centrifuged mice previously starved for 1, 2, or 3 days. It is concluded that the increased glycogen deposited following centrifugation is effected by an increased elaboration of adrenal corticosterone.

Comparative effects of intragastric Lys-Arg-Аrg-Lys-Pro-Gly-Pro peptides, warfarin, and acetylsalicylic acid on hemostasis indexes and blood glucose in development of metabolic syndrome in rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
Л.А. Ляпина ◽  
Н.Ф. Мясоедов ◽  
Т.А. Шубина ◽  
Л.А. Андреева ◽  
Т.Ю. Оберган ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Calorie Diet ◽  
Time Test ◽  
High Calorie Diet ◽  
High Calorie

Введение. Препараты разной структуры - углеводной, пептидной, белковой оказывают значительный противосвертывающий эффект в кровотоке с одновременным улучшением углеводного обмена. Цель - изучение в сравнительном аспекте влияния препаратов разной структуры (пептида, производного диоксикумарина и ацетилсалициловой кислоты -АСК) на свертывание крови, изменение углеводного обмена при интрагастральном способе их введении крысам. Методика. Использовались стандартные коагулологические методы и способы определения уровня глюкозы крови крыс. Каждый из препаратов (пептид Lys-Arg-Arg-Lys-Pro-Gly-Pro, варфарин и АСК) вводили лабораторным крысам Wistar интрагастрально в эффективной дозе (100 мкг/кг - пептид и варфарин и 1 мг/кг - АСК) в течение 7 сут на фоне развития метаболического синдрома, индуцируемого высококалорийной диетой (ВКД). Определения производили через 20 и 168 ч после последнего введения препаратов при продолжающемся постоянном кормлении крыс ВКД. Результаты. Установлено, что как через 20 ч, так и через 168 ч после последнего введения пептида и АСК агрегация тромбоцитов имела тенденцию к снижению и составляла 72-76% (через 20 ч) и 81-66,7% (через 168 ч); фибринолиз статистически значимо повышался при действии пептида на 61-180%, АСК - на 15-41%, варфарина - на 14-34%; активированное частичное тромбопластиновое время значимо удлинялось под влиянием пептида и варфарина на 24-52 и 31-52% соответственно; свертывание крови по тесту протромбинового времени снижалось только под влиянием варфарина (на 12.3%); уровень глюкозы крови нормализовался под влиянием всех использованых препаратов и составлял 4,9-6,5 ммоль/л против 8.1-8.8 ммоль/л при метаболическом синдроме. Заключение. При сравнении действия пептида, варфарина и АСК установлены гипокоагуляционные и гипогликемические эффекты в разной степени. Максимальным антикоагулянтным и фибринолитическим действием обладал пептид; варфарин проявлял антикоагулянтное действие только по тесту протромбиновое время, ацетилсалициловая кислота обладала антитромбоцитарным и фибриндеполимеризационным действием. Drugs with different structure, carbohydrates, peptides, and proteins, can produce a significant anticoagulation effect and simultaneously improve carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of this study was to compare effects of drugs with different structure, a peptide, a dioxicoumarin derivative, and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), on coagulation and changes of carbohydrate metabolism in intragastric administration to rats. Methods. Standard methods for studying coagulation and measuring blood glucose in rats were used. Each of the study drugs (Lys-Arg-Arg-Lys-Pro-Gly-Pro peptide, warfarin, and ASA) was administered to Wistar rats intragastrically at an effective dose (100 mcg/kg for the peptide and warfarin and 1 mg/kg for ASA) for 7 days during the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) induced by a high-calorie diet (HCD). Measurements were performed at 20 and 168 h after the last administration of the drugs with continuing HCD. Results. Both at 20 and 168 h after the last administration of the peptide and ASA, platelet aggregation showed a tendency to a decrease and was 72-76% (at 20 h) and 81-66.7% (at 168 h); fibrinolysis significantly increased under the action of the peptide, ASA, and warfarin by 61-180%, 15-41%, and 14-34%, respectively. Activated partial thromboplastin time significantly increased under the action of the peptide and warfarin by 24-52% and 31-52%, respectively; blood clotting as estimated in the prothrombin time test decreased only under the action of warfarin by 12.3%; blood glucose returned to a normal level under the action of each of the three study drugs and was 4.9-6.5 mmol/l vs. 8.1-8.8 mmol/l in MS. Conclusion. The peptide, warfarin, and ASA produced different degrees of the anticoagulation and hypoglycemic effects. The peptide had the strongest anticoagulation and fibrinolytic effects, warfarin produced an anticoagulant effect only according to the prothrombin time test, and acetylsalicylic acid exerted both antiplatelet and fibrin-depolymerizing effects.

STUDIES OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE NEWBORN INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Rosita S. Pildes ◽  
Audrey E. Forbes ◽  
Marvin Cornblath
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Newborn Infant

Blood sugar determinations were done during the first 5 days of life on 100 sets of twins. Hypoglycemia was found in the smaller member in 8 of 11 pairs who were discordant by more than 25% with the smaller twin weighing less than 2.0 kg. Hypoglycemia occurred in one other pair of the remaining 89 sets of twins. Blood glucose values were not influenced by the birth order or the sex of the infants. Infants who weighed over 2,500 gm had significantly higher blood sugars than those who weighed below 2,500 gm.

Influence of Lactobacillus brevis 15 and Lactobacillus plantarum 13 on blood glucose and body weight in rats after high-fructose diet

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yakovlieva ◽  
T. Tacheva ◽  
S. Mihaylova ◽  
R. Tropcheva ◽  
K. Trifonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

In recent years, many authors have investigated the possible antidiabetic effect of lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillus species constitute a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group and have been found to exhibit beneficial effects on the development of diabetes and its complications. In the current study, we investigated the effects of newly characterised Bulgarian Lactobacillus strains, Lactobacillus brevis 15 and Lactobacillus plantarum 13, on blood glucose levels and body weight of rats fed a fructose-enriched diet. An experiment was conducted over a period of 8 weeks with 24 2-month-old Wistar rats randomly assigned to receive a standard diet (Con, control group), fructose-enriched diet (Fr group), standard diet with probiotics given twice a week (Pro group), and fructose-enriched diet with probiotics given twice a week (Pro+Fr group). At the end of the experimental period, a statistically significant increase in body weight was observed in all experimental groups (P<0.0001). The highest rise was seen in the fructose group (Fr, 169±19 g), followed by the Pro+Fr group (153±15 g), Pro group (149±13 g), and Con group (141±5 g). Moreover, the final blood glucose levels had risen significantly in the groups receiving fructose either without (Fr; P<0.0001) or with lactobacilli (Pro+Fr; P=0.002), while the rise was insignificant in the group of rats given probiotic supplementation only (Pro, P=0.071) and inexistent in the Con group (P=0.999). The highest elevation of blood glucose levels was observed in the Fr group (3.18 mmol/l), followed by the Pro+Fr group (2.00 mmol/l) whereas the Pro group showed the lowest levels (0.60 mmol/l). The results of our study suggest that the newly characterised Bulgarian Lactobacillus strains, L. brevis 15 and L. plantarum 13, could be considered as possible probiotics and might be able to prevent some metabolic disturbances.

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN UREMIA: BLOOD GLUCOSE RESPONSE TO SULFONYLUREA

1967 ◽  
Vol 254 (5) ◽  
pp. 608-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton D. Cohen ◽  
John A. Galloway ◽  
Robert E. McMahon ◽  
Hilman W. Culp ◽  
Mary A. Root ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Blood Glucose Response

Cause of hypoglycemia in dogs exposed to heat

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Kanter
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Respiratory Apparatus

When unanesthetized dogs are exposed to heat (120°F) for 4 hr. with no water available for drinking, hypoglycemia results. One would expect that the dehydration, which also occurs, should physically cause an increase in blood glucose concentration as is usually found in man. The tendency is present in dogs but the utilization of glucose is sufficiently rapid to offset the hemoconcentration and cause a fall in glucose levels even when exogenous glucose is given at the rate of 1% body wt/hr. of 11% glucose by stomach tube. This increased utilization has been demonstrated to be mainly due to involvement of the respiratory muscles which are used in the panting mechanism for no fall in blood glucose occurs under similar conditions when the animal is curarized. The evidence indicates that the hypoglycemic mechanism present in dogs is not a species phenomenon but is probably also present in man under appropriate conditions. In both man and the dog whether hypoglycemia occurs will depend upon the degree of involvement of the respiratory apparatus.

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