Analysis of perfluorochemical elimination from the respiratory system

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1033-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Shaffer ◽  
Raymond Foust ◽  
Marla R. Wolfson ◽  
Thomas F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Expired Gas ◽  
Respiratory Gases

Shaffer, Thomas H., Raymond Foust IIII, Marla R. Wolfson, and Thomas F. Miller, Jr. Analysis of perfluorochemical elimination from the respiratory system. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3): 1033–1040, 1997.—We describe a simple apparatus for analysis of perfluorochemicals (PFC) in expired gas and thus a means for determining PFC vapor and liquid elimination from the respiratory system. The apparatus and data analysis are based on thermal conduction and mass transfer principles of gases. In vitro studies were conducted with the PFC vapor analyzer to determine calibration curves for output voltage as a function of individual respiratory gases, respiratory gases saturated with PFC vapor, and volume percent standards for percent PFC saturation (%PFC-Sat) in air. Voltage-concentration data for %PFC-Sat of the vapor from the in vitro tests were accurate to within 2.0% from 0 to 100% PFC-Sat, linear ( r = 0.99, P < 0.001), and highly reproducible. Calculated volume loss of PFC liquid over time correlated well with actual loss by weight ( r = 0.99, P < 0.001). In vivo studies with neonatal lambs demonstrated that PFC volume loss and evaporation rates decreased nonlinearly as a function of time. These relationships were modulated by changes in PFC physical properties, minute ventilation, and postural repositioning. The results of this study demonstrate the sensitivity and accuracy of an on-line method for PFC analysis of expired gas and describe how it may be useful in liquid-assisted ventilation procedures for determining PFC volume loss, evaporation rate, and optimum dosing and ventilation strategy.

scholarly journals Comparative Studies on the Anticoagulant Profile of Branded Enoxaparin and a New Biosimilar Version

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 107602962096082
Author(s):  
Dalia Qneibi ◽  
Eduardo Ramacciotti ◽  
Ariane Scarlatelli Macedo ◽  
Roberto Augusto Caffaro ◽  
Leandro Barile Agati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Thrombin Time

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) represent depolymerized heparin prepared by various methods that exhibit differential, biochemical and pharmacological profiles. Enoxaparin is prepared by benzylation followed by alkaline depolymerization of porcine heparin. Upon the expiration of its patent, several biosimilar versions of enoxaparin have become available. Heparinox (Sodic enoxaparine; Cristália Produtos Químicos Farmacêuticos LTDA, Sao Paulo, Brazil) is a new biosimilar form of enoxaparin. We assessed the molecular weight and the biochemical profile of Heparinox and compared its properties to the original branded enoxaparin (Lovenox; Sanofi, Paris, France). Clotting profiles compared included activated clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and thrombin time (TT). Anti-protease assays included anti-factor Xa and anti-factor IIa activities. Thrombin generation was measured using a calibrated automated thrombogram and thrombokinetic profile included peak thrombin, lag time and area under the curve. USP potency was determined using commercially available assay kits. Molecular weight profiling was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. We determined that Heparinox and Lovenox were comparable in their molecular weight profile. Th anticoagulant profile of the branded and biosimilar version were also similar in the clot based aPTT and TT. Similarly, the anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities were comparable in the products. No differences were noted in the thrombin generation inhibitory profile of the branded and biosimilar versions of enoxaparin. Our studies suggest that Heparinox is bioequivalent to the original branded enoxaparin based upon in vitro tests however will require further in vivo studies in animal models and humans to determine their clinical bioequivalence.

Hypotensive effects of the triterpene oleanolic acid for cardiovascular prevention

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sureda ◽  
M. Monserrat-Mesquida ◽  
S. Pinya ◽  
P. Ferriol ◽  
S. Tejada
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Oleanolic Acid ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Antihypertensive Activity ◽  
In Vitro Tests

Background:: Hypertension is a high prevalent chronic disease worldwide and a major cardiovascular risk factor. Oleanolic acid (3β-hydroxy-olea-12-en-28-oic acid) is a wide distributed bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoid with diverse biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, hepaprotective anti-diabetic or anti-hypertensive. Objective:: The aim of this study was to review and highlight the available data about antihypertensive activity of oleanolic acid and the described mechanisms of action. Method:: Extensive searches were made in the available literature on oleanolic acid and the data investigating its antihypertensive effects were analysed. Results:: Most of research has been performed on animal models of hypertension, ex vivo studies with aortic ring and some in vitro tests with cell cultures, whereas clinical trials are still lacking. Treatment of hypertensive animals with oleanolic acid significantly ameliorated the rise in the systolic blood pressure. In addition, the hypotensive effects of oleanolic acid are also related to a potent diuretic-natriuretic activity and nephroprotection. In vitro studies have characterized the participation of various signalling pathways that modulate the release of vasodilation mediators. Conclusion:: In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that oleanolic acid effectively reduce blood pressure and could be an interesting co-adjuvant to conventional treatment of hypertension.

scholarly journals In Vivo and In Vitro Pharmacodynamics of Anthelmintic Medication Used in Sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Mihai CERNEA ◽  
Roxana FILIP ◽  
Raul CĂTANĂ ◽  
Laura CĂTANĂ
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Superior Efficacy ◽  
Reference Concentration ◽  
Post Therapy

Our research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintic treatments in sheep, as well as the resistance occurrence risk for the most commonly used substances. Anthelmintic medication efficacy was evaluated on 30 animals from a private farm, located in Sânmihaiu Almaşului, Sălaj County. In vivo studies were performed by using Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and testing an albendazole-based (ABZ) product. In vitro, we used Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and Larval Development Assay (LDA) for albendazole (ABZ), mebendazole (MBZ), fenbendazole (FBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ) and ivermectin (IVM) (only for LDA). FECRT showed that intestinal nematodes developed resistance phenomena against the ABZ-based product, with an extensivity of 80% at seven days post therapy, an egg reduction percentage of 41.89% at seven days post-therapy and 43.9% at 14 days post-therapy. The in vitro EHA highlighted a superior efficacy of TBZ (egg hatch percentage at reference concentration being 51.21) compared to ABZ (71.89%), MBZ (84.46%) and FBZ (79.22%), with a minimum risk of anthelmintic resistance. The LDA test revealed the superior efficacy of FBZ (MIC 0.59 mcg/ml) and IVM (MIC 0.078 mcg/ml), with a minimal risk of inducing parasitic resistance. All in vivo and in vitro tests revealed a limited ABZ efficacy, recommending avoiding the therapy with this substance.

scholarly journals Effect of Musa spp. extract on eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes from infected sheep

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 3751
Author(s):  
Natalie Neuwirt ◽  
Lilian Gregory ◽  
Eidi Yoshihara ◽  
Silvana Lima Gorniak
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Musa Spp ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Anthelmintic Effect

Helminthes are listed as one of the main problems facing the development of goat and sheep production. Haemonchus contortus is the specie that causes greatest negative impact in ranching. Resistance to anti-parasitic drugs and demand for residue-free animal-derived food products has elevated the importance of herbal treatments. The aim of this study was to develop an extract of Musa spp. and assess by in vitro testing, the anthelmintic effect on eggs and larvae in the gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Stool samples from sheep naturally infected were used to obtain eggs and larvae and was then followed by a test of hatchability and a larval migration inhibition test. In vitro tests on the inhibition of larval hatchability at concentrations of 160 and 180 mg mL-1 of larval extracts and inhibition of migration at concentrations of 800 and 1000 mg mL-1 were observed. The results indicate that the use of banana leaf has an anthelmintic effect and that in vivo studies on the applicability of this technology to the field should be made to further understanding and bring more information to what has already been revealed in this study.

Prevention of abdominal adhesion by a polycaprolactone/phospholipid hybrid film containing quercetin and Ag nanoparticles

Nanomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Hosseinpour-Moghadam ◽  
Shahram Rabbani ◽  
Arash Mahboubi ◽  
Sayyed Abbas Tabatabai ◽  
Azadeh Haeri
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Release ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Coating Films ◽  
Poly Caprolactone

Aim: To develop quercetin-loaded poly(caprolactone) (PCL)/soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) films coated with silver (Ag) to prevent the formation of postoperative adhesions (POA). Materials & methods: Films were prepared using the solvent casting method, coated with Ag, and underwent  in vitro tests. In vivo studies were conducted employing an animal model of sidewall defect and cecum abrasion. Results: Films showed sustained release behavior of quercetin and Ag. Coating films with Ag improved their antimicrobial activity. In vivo studies confirmed superior antiadhesion properties of films compared with the control groups evaluated by gross observation, histochemical staining and immunohistochemistry analyses. Conclusion: Ag-Q-PCL-PC films are a potential candidate to prevent POA by acting as a sustained release delivery system and physical barrier.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Leishmanicidal Activity ofAstronium fraxinifolium(Schott) andPlectranthus amboinicus(Lour.) Spreng againstLeishmania (Viannia) braziliensis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio César Gomes de Lima ◽  
Maria Jania Teixeira ◽  
José Evaldo Gonçalves Lopes Júnior ◽  
Selene Maia de Morais ◽  
Alba Fabiola Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Parasite Growth ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Intralesional Injections ◽  
Plectranthus Amboinicus ◽  
Ethanolic Leaf Extract

The aim of the present work was to evaluate antileishmanial activity ofAstronium fraxinifoliumandPlectranthus amboinicus. For the in vitro tests, essential oil ofP. amboinicus(OEPA) and ethanolic extracts fromA. fraxinifolium(EEAF) were incubated with 106  promastigotes ofL. (Viannia) braziliensis. The OEPA was able to reduce the parasite growth after 48 h; nonetheless, all the EEAFs could totally abolish the parasite growth. For the in vivo studies, BALB/c mice were infected subcutaneously (s.c.) with 107  L. braziliensispromastigotes. Treatment was done by administering OEPA intralesionally (i.l.) for 14 days. No difference was found in lesion thickness when those animals were compared with the untreated animals. Further, golden hamsters were infected s.c. with 106  L. braziliensispromastigotes. The first protocol of treatment consisted of ethanolic leaf extract fromA. fraxinifolium(ELEAF) administered i.l. for 4 days and a booster dose at the 7th day. The animals showed a significant reduction of lesion thickness in the 6th week, but it was not comparable to the animals treated with Glucantime. The second protocol consisted of 15 daily intralesional injections. The profiles of lesion thickness were similar to the standard treatment. In conclusion, in vivo studies showed a high efficacy when the infected animals were intralesionally treated with leaf ethanolic extract fromA. fraxinifolium.

scholarly journals First Report of Fenpyrazamine Resistance in Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields in Spain

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
Dolores Fernández-Ortuño ◽  
Alejandra Vielba-Fernández ◽  
Alejandro Pérez-García ◽  
Juan A. Torés ◽  
Antonio de Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
First Report

Botrytis cinerea Pers. is an important fungal pathogen responsible for gray mold, one of the most economically important diseases of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) worldwide. The primary disease management strategy involves the application of different classes of fungicides, including the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor class III fungicide fenpyrazamine. In 2014 and 2015, strawberries affected with gray mold symptoms were collected from eight locations in Huelva, where fenhexamid had been used extensively. Twenty-five B. cinerea single-spore isolates were examined to determine EC50 values and to determine a discriminatory dose to monitor fenpyrazamine resistance in the field in future studies. The in vitro tests divided the isolates into two groups: 15 sensitive (EC50 from 0.02 to 1.3 μg/ml) and 10 resistant (EC50 from 50.1 to 172.6 μg/ml), which showed cross-resistance with fenhexamid. Performance of fenpyrazamine in in vivo studies was also carried out. Only the fenpyrazamine-resistant isolates developed gray mold on the fungicide-treated fruit. This is the first report of fenpyrazamine resistance in B. cinerea from strawberry fields in Spain and cross-resistance with fenhexamid.

scholarly journals Prevention of Covid-19 Infection and Related Complications by Ozonized Oils

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Alberto Izzotti ◽  
Enzo Fracchia ◽  
William Au ◽  
Monica Colombo ◽  
Ulrich Pfeffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Clinical Safety ◽  
In Vivo Analysis ◽  
Expired Gas ◽  
High Doses

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to ravage the human population; therefore, multiple prevention and intervention protocols are being rapidly developed. The aim of our study was to develop a new chemo-prophylactic/-therapeutic strategy that effectively prevents COVID-19 and related complications. Methods: In in vitro studies, COVID-19 infection-sensitive cells were incubated with human oropharyngeal fluids containing high SARS-CoV-2 loads. Levels of infection were determined via intra-cellular virus loads using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Efficacies for infection prevention were determined using several antiviral treatments: lipid-encapsulated ozonized oil (HOO), water-soluble HOO (HOOws), UV, and hydrogen peroxide. In in vivo studies, safety and efficacy of HOO in fighting COVID-19 infection was evaluated in human subjects. Results: HOO in combination with HOOws was the only treatment able to fully neutralize SARS-CoV-2 as well as its capacity to penetrate and reproduce inside sensitive cells. Accordingly, the feasibility of using HOO/HOOws was tested in vivo. Analysis of expired gas in healthy subjects indicates that HOO administration increases oxygen availability in the lung. For our human studies, HOO/HOOws was administered to 52 cancer patients and 21 healthy subjects at high risk for COVID-19 infection, and all of them showed clinical safety. None of them developed COVID-19 infection, although an incidence of at least 11 cases was expected. Efficacy of HOO/HOOws was tested in four COVID-19 patients obtaining recovery and qPCR negativization in less than 10 days. Conclusions: Based on our experience, the HOO/HOOws treatment can be administered at standard doses (three pills per day) for chemo-prophylactic purposes to healthy subjects for COVID-19 prevention and at high doses (up to eight pills per day) for therapeutic purposes to infected patients. This combined prevention strategy can provide a novel protocol to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals New protoescigenin derivative for the treatment of Parkes Weber syndrome

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliwia Zegrocka-Stendel ◽  
Krzysztof Bojakowski ◽  
Małgorzata Dutkiewicz ◽  
Iwona Grabowska ◽  
Gabriela Janusz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Vascular Malformations ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Venous Hypertension ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Weber Syndrome

The Parkes Weber syndrome (PWS), first described in 1907, is characterized by triad of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF), varicose veins and bone and soft tissue hypertrophy leading to limb enlargement. The symptoms of PWS are congenital and present at birth. Vascular anomalies usually affect a limb, most commonly a leg, and less often a trunk. Capillary malformations, forming geographic patterns, are typically located on lateral side of the limb, buttocks or trunk. The appearance of varicose veins and dilated superficial veins in older age is triggered by arteriovenous shunt, venous hypertension and insufficiency of the deep venous system. The enlargement of a limb is present at birth, and the axial overgrowth can enlarge in postnatal period. Cases of shortened lower extremity and pelvis malformations have also been described. Arteriovenous leak may also lead to cardiac system failure or to limb ischemia. Not surprisingly, PWS, similarly to other vascular malformations, significantly reduces the quality of life of the affected patients. The treatment of patients with PWS is mainly symptomatic. Compression therapy is used to reduce symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency and lymphatic edema. In selected cases invasive procedures are performed. Surgical treatment is difficult and may require several intravascular proce-dures, such as embolization, sclerotherapy or classic open operations involving arteriovenous fistula ligation. In severe cases of ischemic extremities amputation is the only therapy. Therefore, there is an ever-existing need to develop a safe and effective pharmacological therapy for PWS patients. For the purpose of the study we have established the first animal model reproducing complex manifestations of PWS and applicable for research on etiology, treatment and prevention of the disease. The model mimics major clinical features characteristic for the human PWS: venous hypertension and dilatation, varicose veins formation, and the limb hypertrophy. Cellular biology tools were applied to examine protective effect of ca. 30 new semi-synthetic compounds derived from the main aglycone of escin saponins, on the vascular endothelium under inflammatory conditions. The in vitro tests evaluated i.a. cell proliferation, migration, endothelial monolayer permeability, and the effect on NFκB signal transduction. One paricular molecule (1), obtained in 5 steps as illustrated on the Scheme below, showing promising biological characteristics and favorable physicochemical properties has been selected for in vivo studies. The obtained results confirmed valuable pharmacological properties of the tested compound as all the animals treated with the selected compound showed signifi-cantly reduced symptoms of PWS as compared to untreated control. Furthermore, we believe that the molecule should be considered as a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of other, more common vascular disorders.

scholarly journals Insight into Gentisic Acid Antidiabetic Potential Using In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1932
Author(s):  
Hamza Mechchate ◽  
Imane Es-safi ◽  
Omkulthom Mohamed Al kamaly ◽  
Dalila Bousta
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Gentisic Acid

Numerous scientific studies have confirmed the beneficial therapeutic effects of phenolic acids. Among them gentisic acid (GA), a phenolic acid extensively found in many fruit and vegetables has been associated with an enormous confirmed health benefit. The present study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of gentisic acid and highlight its mechanisms of action following in silico and in vitro approaches. The in silico study was intended to predict the interaction of GA with eight different receptors highly involved in the management and complications of diabetes (dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), aldose reductase (AldR), glycogen phosphorylase (GP), α-amylase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and α-glucosidase), while the in vitro study studied the potential inhibitory effect of GA against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The results indicate that GA interacted moderately with most of the receptors and had a moderate inhibitory activity during the in vitro tests. The study therefore encourages further in vivo studies to confirm the given results.

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