Some historical perspectives on thermoregulation

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 1717-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Thermal Stimuli

In this paper, selected historical aspects of thermoregulation and fever are presented as background to the application of molecular biology to thermoregulation. Temperature-sensing mechanisms, coordination of thermal information, thermoregulatory circuitry, efferent responses to thermal stimuli, set point mechanisms, and some of the mechanisms and consequences of fever and hyperthermia are highlighted. Neurotransmitters used in thermoregulatory circuits are also discussed. An attempt is made to include information from comparative physiological sources. Possible future avenues of research in the light of recent new technologies are also presented.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Concerns

Many of the political problems of the day—climate change, industrial pollution, nanomaterials, new technologies of surveillance, and the products of molecular biology—involve complex scientific and technological issues that can provoke sharp divisions in public opinion. Often environmentalists and other advocates of change call for policies that address public concerns with new and existing technologies, and often industrial corporations reply that such concerns are unwarranted and that their technologies are safe and broadly beneficial. Legislatures, regulatory agencies, executive offices, the courts, and voters find themselves caught in the middle, and sometimes they also become divided over how best to develop and to regulate industry....

A Redesigned Planet?

2020 ◽  
pp. 234-296
Author(s):  
John Parrington
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
New Development ◽  
Whole Number

Given the speed of change in the development of new technologies mentioned in this book such as genome editing, optogenetics, stem cell organoids, and synthetic biology, it is hard to predict exactly how radically these technologies are likely to transform our lives in coming decades. What is clear is that as exciting as the new biotechnologies are in terms of their impact on medical research, medicine, and agriculture, they also raise a whole number of socio-political and ethical issues. These include concerns about whether monkeys engineered to have genetic similarities to humans might lead to a ‘Planet of the Apes’ scenario, and fears about ‘designer babies’ being produced in the future to have greater beauty, intelligence or sporting skill. Although one potentially positive new development is the rise of a ‘biohacker’ movement which seeks to make molecular biology more accessible to ordinary people, there are also fears that in the wrong hands genome editing might be used to create new types of biological weapons for terrorist organisations. While such fears should not be dismissed as just an overreaction, to some extent they rest on an underestimation of the complexity of the Iink between the human genome and looks, intelligence, and sporting ability, or of the difficulties involved in creating a deadly virus that is worse than naturally occurring ones. Ultimately, the best way to ensure that new technologies are used for human benefit, not harm, is to take part in an informed debate and use public lobbying to argue for them to be developed safely, ethically, and responsibly.

scholarly journals Expert and public perceptions of gene-edited crops: attitude changes in relation to scientific knowledge

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Kato-Nitta ◽  
Tadahiko Maeda ◽  
Yusuke Inagaki ◽  
Masashi Tachikawa
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Conventional Breeding ◽  
Value Perceptions ◽  
Lay Public

Abstract This study empirically examined expert and public attitudes toward applying gene editing to agricultural crops compared with attitudes toward other genetic modification and conventional breeding technologies. Regulations regarding the application of gene editing on food are being debated around the world. New policy measures often face issues of public acceptance and consensus formation; however, reliable quantitative evidence of public perception toward such emerging breeding technologies is scarce. To fill this gap, two web-based surveys were conducted in Japan from December 2016 to February 2017. Participants (N = 3197) were categorised into three groups based on the domain-specific scientific knowledge levels (molecular biology experts, experts in other fields, and lay public). Statistical analysis revealed group differences in risk, benefit, and value perceptions of different technologies. Molecular biology experts had higher benefit and value perceptions, as well as lower risk perceptions regarding new technologies (gene editing and genetic modification). Although the lay public tended to have more favourable attitudes toward gene editing than toward genetic modification, such differences were much smaller than the differences between conventional breeding and genetic modification. The experts in other fields showed some characteristics that are similar to the experts in molecular biology in value perceptions, while showing some characteristics that are similar to the lay public in risk perceptions. The further statistical analyses of lay attitudes revealed the influence of science literacy on attitudinal change toward crops grown with new breeding technologies in benefit perceptions but not in risk or value perceptions. Such results promoted understanding on distinguishing conditions where deficit model explanation types are valid and conditions where they are not.

scholarly journals Perspectivas históricas da informática educativa no Brasil / Historical perspectives of educational data processing in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Alcione José Alves Bueno ◽  
Silvio Luiz Rutz da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Educational Computing ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Historical Perspectives

Este artigo discute a inserção das NTDIC na educação, tendo como objetivo apresentar os aspectos históricos da introdução da informática educativa nas escolas públicas. Para alcançar tais fins, elenca-se em sua estrutura, o ‘processo progressivo’ histórico da educação brasileira, seguido de alguns aspectos das Tecnologias na Educação, para enfim discutir as questões relativas à informática educativa em seu processo constituinte. Ao final deste estudo, aponta-se a importância da inserção de tais tecnologias no âmbito educacional. No que tange a informática educativa, enfatiza-se que com seus quase cinquenta anos do processo de criação e introdução desta na educação, a mesma já se consolida com bases fortes e campo próprio de estudo.* * *This article discusses the insertion of NTDIC in education, aiming to present the historical aspects of the introduction of educational computing in public schools. In order to reach these ends, it is based on its structure, the historical 'progressive process' of Brazilian education, followed by some aspects of the Technologies in Education, to finally discuss the issues related to educational computing in its constituent process. At the end of this study, it is pointed out the importance of the insertion of such technologies in the educational scope. As far as educational computing is concerned, it is emphasized that with its almost fifty years of the process of creation and introduction of this in education, it has already consolidated with strong foundations and its own field of study.

scholarly journals Modern concepts of the role of platelet receptors in the dynamics of thrombus formation

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
I. Nikolaieva ◽  
T. Halenova ◽  
O. Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Antithrombotic Agents ◽  
Platelet Receptors ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Modern Information

The study of molecular and biological aspects of the platelets functioning with the use of biochemical methods, new technologies of cell and molecular biology became the basis for understanding signaling cascades regulating the activation, adhesion and aggregation of these cells. In this review, the general modern information of the role of platelet membrane receptors in physiological and pathological processes of thrombus formation was performed. The possible role of platelet receptors as target of antiagregatory agents was analyzed. Also, new promising areas of searching for effective and specific antithrombotic agents were identified.

Assessment of immunotoxic effects in humans

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1870-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Descotes ◽  
B Nicolas ◽  
T Vial
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Functional Assays ◽  
History Of ◽  
Underlying Pathogenesis

Abstract The immunotoxic effects of chemicals are varied and markedly different depending on the underlying pathogenesis, namely, direct immunotoxicity (including immunosuppression, immunodepression, and immunostimulation), hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity. A large number of immunological endpoints and functional assays have been proposed for use as biomarkers of immunotoxicity, but they often lack sensitivity or are poorly standardized, so that their relevance in assessing immunotoxic effects in humans is at best ill established. Examining sentinel immunopathological events in individuals with a defined history of chemical exposure is another approach, presumably more cost-effective at the present time. A multicenter collaboration is mandated, however, because these events are rare. We expect that progress in new technologies, e.g., molecular biology, will provide the sensitive and reliable biomarkers of immunotoxicity that are currently lacking.

scholarly journals Automation and the Future of Command and Control: The End of Auftragstaktik?

MCU Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-146
Author(s):  
Rosario M. Simonetti ◽  
Paolo Tripodi
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Strategic Leaders ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Generation Technology ◽  
Advisory Role

The impact of new technologies and the increased speed in the future battlespace may overcentralize command and control functions at the political or strategic level and, as a result, bypass the advisory role played by a qualified staff. Political and/or strategic leaders might find it appealing to pursue preemptive or preventive wars as a strategy to acquire asymmetric advantage over the enemy. This article investigates the roots of this trend, connecting historical perspectives with implications that next-generation technology may have on command and control.

The Primate as a Model for the Human Temperature-Sensing System: 1. Adapting Temperature and Intensity of Thermal Stimuli

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Rózsa ◽  
Helen H. Molinari ◽  
Joel D. Greenspan ◽  
Dan R. Kenshalo
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Thermal Stimuli

Lung surfactant: some historical perspectives leading to its cellular and molecular biology

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. L1-L12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Tierney
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Surface Forces ◽  
Lung Mechanics ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Structural Composition ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Alveolar Surface

By appreciating the influence of surface forces on lung mechanics, discovering pulmonary surfactant, and then recognizing its deficiency states a small number of investigators began the first 30 years of pulmonary surfactant research. These investigators had different backgrounds and took diverse approaches to understand surface forces in the lung. Their careers provide a fascinating study of the means by which new discoveries are made. After recognizing the critical importance of surfactant, investigators turned to a series of questions that obviously needed to be answered and they attempted to learn the following: 1) how to quantitate surfactant; 2) its biochemical and structural composition; 3) how it leaves the alveolar surface after secretion; and 4) its role in lung diseases. This research established the basis for pursuing the cellular and molecular biology of surfactant.

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