Motor skill training and strength training are associated with different plastic changes in the central nervous system

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 1558-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Lundbye Jensen ◽  
Peter C. D. Marstrand ◽  
Jens B. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Learning Group

Changes in corticospinal excitability induced by 4 wk of heavy strength training or visuomotor skill learning were investigated in 24 healthy human subjects. Measurements of the input-output relation for biceps brachii motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation were obtained at rest and during voluntary contraction in the course of the training. The training paradigms induced specific changes in the motor performance capacity of the subjects. The strength training group increased maximal dynamic and isometric muscle strength by 31% ( P < 0.001) and 12.5% ( P = 0.045), respectively. The skill learning group improved skill performance significantly ( P < 0.001). With one training bout, the only significant change in transcranial magnetic stimulation parameters was an increase in skill learning group maximal MEP level (MEPmax) at rest ( P = 0.02) for subjects performing skill training. With repeated skill training three times per week for 4 wk, MEPmax increased and the minimal stimulation intensity required to elicit MEPs decreased significantly at rest and during contraction ( P < 0.05). In contrast, MEPmax and the slope of the input-output relation both decreased significantly at rest but not during contraction in the strength-trained subjects ( P ≤ 0.01). No significant changes were observed in a control group. A significant correlation between changes in neurophysiological parameters and motor performance was observed for skill learning but not strength training. The data show that increased corticospinal excitability may develop over several weeks of skill training and indicate that these changes may be of importance for task acquisition. Because strength training was not accompanied by similar changes, the data suggest that different adaptive changes are involved in neural adaptation to strength training.

scholarly journals The Interactive Effect of Tonic Pain and Motor Learning on Corticospinal Excitability

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Dancey ◽  
Paul Yielder ◽  
Bernadette Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Retention Test ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Acquisition Phase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Tonic Pain

Prior work showed differential alterations in early somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and improved motor learning while in acute tonic pain. The aim of the current study was to determine the interactive effect of acute tonic pain and early motor learning on corticospinal excitability as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Two groups of twelve participants (n = 24) were randomly assigned to a control (inert lotion) or capsaicin (capsaicin cream) group. TMS input–output (IO) curves were performed at baseline, post-application, and following motor learning acquisition. Following the application of the creams, participants in both groups completed a motor tracing task (pre-test and an acquisition test) followed by a retention test (completed without capsaicin) within 24–48 h. Following an acquisition phase, there was a significant increase in the slope of the TMS IO curves for the control group (p < 0.05), and no significant change for the capsaicin group (p = 0.57). Both groups improved in accuracy following an acquisition phase (p < 0.001). The capsaicin group outperformed the control group at pre-test (p < 0.005), following an acquisition phase (p < 0.005), and following a retention test (p < 0.005). When data was normalized to the pre-test values, the learning effects were similar for both groups post-acquisition and at retention (p < 0.005), with no interactive effect of group. The acute tonic pain in this study was shown to negate the increase in IO slope observed for the control group despite the fact that motor performance improved similarly to the control group following acquisition and retention. This study highlights the need to better understand the implications of neural changes accompanying early motor learning, particularly while in pain.

scholarly journals Combining Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Video Game-Based Training to Improve Dexterity in Parkinson's Disease: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Pastore-Wapp ◽  
Dirk Lehnick ◽  
Tobias Nef ◽  
Stephan Bohlhalter ◽  
Tim Vanbellingen
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Study Protocol ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Control Group

Introduction: Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) often exhibit difficulties with dexterity during the performance of activities of daily living (ADL) due to dysfunctional supplementary motor area (SMA). The aim of this clinical trial protocol work is to describe how the effectiveness of a combined repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over SMA and video-game-based skill training (VBT) in PD will be evaluated. The short and long-term benefits are assessed.Methods and analysis: A single-blind (patients) stratified (based on Hoehn &amp; Yahr) parallel randomized sham-controlled rTMS-VBT study with a baseline and two follow-up measurements (3 and 12 weeks) is being conducted. These measurements include the dexterity questionnaire 24 (DextQ-24) as a primary outcome, and nine hole peg test and coin rotation task as main secondary dexterity outcomes. Further secondary outcomes will be the subscale II of the movement disorders society unified PD rating scale (MDS-UPDRS) to assess improvements on overall ADL and the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 to assess quality of life. Thirty-six outpatients (from one neurorehabilitation center) with PD (diagnosis based on brain bank criteria) will be recruited who report difficulties with dexterity in performing ADL. All PD patients will receive a 45-min VBT three times a week for 3 weeks. The PD patients randomized in the experimental group will receive VBT preceded by real rTMS, being intermittent theta burst (iTBS) stimulation sessions. The PD patients randomized to the control group receive a VBT with sham rTMS.Discussion: The study will provide evidence to determine whether a combined iTBS and VBT skill intervention is more effective than a VBT intervention alone to improve dexterity in PD.Ethics and dissemination: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Northwest and Central Switzerland (EKNZ), Switzerland 2019–00433. The study will be conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and the Guidelines of Good Clinical Practice. Informed consent will be signed prior to subject enrolment. Dissemination will include submission to international peer-reviewed professional journals and presentation at international congresses.The study protocol has been registered in the clinicaltrials.gov registry with the identification code: NCT04699149.

scholarly journals Motor disability in patients with multiple sclerosis: transcranial magnetic stimulation study

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anssam Bassem Mohy ◽  
Aqeel Kareem Hatem ◽  
Hussein Ghani Kadoori ◽  
Farqad Bader Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Evoked Potential ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Motor Disability

Abstract Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive procedure used in a small targeted region of the brain via electromagnetic induction and used diagnostically to measure the connection between the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscle to evaluate the damage that occurs in MS. Objectives The study aims to investigate whether single-pulse TMS measures differ between patients with MS and healthy controls and to consider if these measures are associated with clinical disability. Patients and methods Single-pulse TMS was performed in 26 patients with MS who hand an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score between 0 and 9.5 and in 26 normal subjects. Different TMS parameters from upper and lower limbs were investigated. Results TMS disclosed no difference in all MEP parameters between the right and left side of the upper and lower limbs in patients with MS and controls. In all patients, TMS parameters were different from the control group. Upper limb central motor conduction time (CMCT) was prolonged in MS patients with pyramidal signs. Upper and lower limb CMCT and CMCT-f wave (CMCT-f) were prolonged in patients with ataxia. Moreover, CMCT and CMCT-f were prolonged in MS patients with EDSS of 5–9.5 as compared to those with a score of 0–4.5. EDSS correlated with upper and lower limb cortical latency (CL), CMCT, and CMCT-f whereas motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude not. Conclusion TMS yields objective data to evaluate clinical disability and its parameters correlated well with EDSS.

scholarly journals Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a prophylactic treatment in migraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azza B. Hammad ◽  
Rasha E. Elsharkawy ◽  
Ghada S. Abdel Azim
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Serum Level ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neurokinin A ◽  
Abortive Treatment

Abstract Background Clinical applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have shown promising results in the treatment of headache disorders, with migraine being one of the most encountered. Objective To assess the role of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a preventive treatment of migraine (with and without aura) and correlate the results with the serum level of the inflammatory biomarker (neurokinin A). Methods Forty patients, with age ranging from 15 to 55 years, diagnosed with migraine (30 migraine without aura and 10 with aura) and 20 apparently healthy individuals, who were age and sex matched with the patient group, were included in this study. A low-frequency (1 Hz) rTMS protocol was applied for all patients for five consecutive days interictally. Assessment of pain intensity using visual analogue scale and frequency and duration of attacks as well as number of pills taken by patients as an abortive treatment according to the Basic Diagnostic Headache Diary for 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after TMS sessions was done. In addition, the Migraine Disability Assessment scale (MIDAS) was applied to assess the severity and degree of disability caused by migraine. Measurement of neurokinin A serum level was done by using ELISA for all patients before and after TMS and for control group once. Results There was a significant reduction in pain intensity, frequency and duration of migraine attacks, migraine disability scores, and number of pills taken as abortive treatment for attacks after rTMS (P < 0.001). Also, serum level of neurokinin A in the patients was significantly reduced after rTMS (P < 0.001). Conclusion Low-frequency rTMS is an effective prophylactic treatment for migraine with and without aura.

Evaluation of corticobulbar and corticospinal excitability in developmental stuttering: the navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation study

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Rogić Vidaković ◽  
Marina Zmajević Schönwald ◽  
Tomislav Jurić ◽  
Nikola Erceg ◽  
Andreja Bubić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Developmental Stuttering

scholarly journals Application of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation with low-intensive running pulsed magnetic field in the rehabilitation of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Alexey Е. Tereshin ◽  
Vera V. Kiryanova ◽  
Dmitry A. Reshetnik ◽  
Marina V. Karyagina ◽  
Elena K. Savelyeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Pulsed Magnetic Field ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Post Stroke

The purpose of the investigation was to study the nootropic effects of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) using low-intensity magnetic field with the induction rate of 45 mT, base frequency of 50 Hz, modulation frequency of 10 Hz in combination with standard medical and psychological therapy in the rehabilitation of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). Materials and methods. The rehabilitation outcomes in 98 patients with PSCI syndrome were studied. The patients were subdivided into 2 groups: 53 patients of the control group were treated with the standard nootropic medications and neuropsychological procedures; 45 patients of the main group were additionally treated with rTMS by the low-intensive running pulsed magnetic field of 10 Hz modulation frequency. The dynamics of the score increase according to Rivermid, Karnovsky, Roshina, MMSE, mRS, HDRS, SF-36 scales were analyzed. Conclusion. Application of rTMS with low-intensive running pulsed magnetic field of 10 Hz modulation frequency in combination with a standard program of cognitive rehabilitation contributes to a significant improvement in the recovery of mental calculation function in ischemic stroke patients, as well as normalization in mood swings in the patients who had suffered a hemorrhagic stroke and post-stroke depression. This variant of rTMS can be safely used in patients with PSCI syndrome in the early recovery period, 3 weeks after the onset of stroke.

scholarly journals The Reliability of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Derived Corticomotor Inhibition as a Brain Health Evaluation Tool in Soccer Players

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Di Virgilio ◽  
Magdalena Ietswaart ◽  
Ragul Selvamoorthy ◽  
Angus M. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Head Impacts

Abstract Background The suitability of corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability to measure brain health outcomes and recovery of sport-related head impact (concussion and subconcussion) depends on good inter-day reliability, which is evaluated in this study. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) reliability in soccer players is assessed by comparing soccer players, for whom reliability on this measure may be reduced due to exposure to head impacts, to generally active individuals not engaged in contact sport. Methods TMS-derived corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability were recorded from the rectus femoris muscle during two testing sessions, spaced 1–2 weeks apart in 19 soccer players (SOC—age 22 ± 3 years) and 20 generally active (CON—age 24 ± 4 years) healthy volunteers. Inter-day reliability between the two time points was quantified by using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Intra-group reliability and group differences on actual measurement values were also explored. Results Good inter-day reliability was evident for corticomotor inhibition (ICCSOC = 0.61; ICCCON = 0.70) and corticospinal excitability (ICCSOC = 0.59; ICCCON = 0.70) in both generally active individuals and soccer players routinely exposed to sport-related head impacts. Corticomotor inhibition showed lower coefficients of variation than excitability for both groups (InhibSOC = 15.2%; InhibCON = 9.7%; ExcitabSOC = 41.6%; ExcitabCON = 39.5%). No group differences between soccer players and generally active individuals were found on the corticomotor inhibition value (p > 0.05), but levels of corticospinal excitability were significantly lower in soccer players (45.1 ± 20.8 vs 85.4 ± 6.2%Mmax, p < 0.0001). Corticomotor inhibition also showed excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.87). Conclusions Corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability are stable and maintain good degrees of reliability when assessed over different days in soccer players, despite their routine exposure to head impacts. However, based on intra-group reliability and group differences of the levels of excitability, we conclude that corticomotor inhibition is best suited for the evaluation of neuromuscular alterations associated with head impacts in contact sports.

scholarly journals High-Volume Light-Load Strength Training, but Not Low-Volume Heavy-Load Strength Training Increases Corticospinal Excitability

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rhys Painter ◽  
Simin Rahman ◽  
Woo Kim ◽  
Ummatul Siddique ◽  
Ashlyn Frazer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Light Load ◽  
Low Volume

Purpose: To determine whether corticospinal excitability (CSE) and inhibition are differentially modulated following high-volume light-load strength training compared to low-volume heavy-load strength training. We hypothesised high-volume light-load strength training would increase CSE and low-volume heavy-load strength training would reduce intracortical inhibition. Methods: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess CSE, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and silent period duration (SP) following high-volume light-load strength training (n = 9), low-volume heavy-load strength training (n = 8) compared to a control group (n = 10). Twenty-seven participants completed either (1) low-volume heavy-load strength training (80% one-repetition maximum [1RM]); (2) high-volume light-load strength training (20% 1-RM) or (3) a control condition. CSE, SICI and SP were measured using TMS at baseline and four time-points over a 60 min post-exercise period. Results: CSE increased rapidly (within 5 min post-exercise) for high-volume light-load strength training and remained elevated for 60 min compared to low-volume heavy-load strength training and control groups. There were no differences following any training for reduced SICI or SP. Conclusion: These results suggest that high-volume light-load strength training increases the excitability of corticospinal neurons and this increase is likely to be the predominant mechanism for increasing CSE for up to 60 min post training. It may be possible that a greater number of ST sessions are required to observe any differences in the excitability of the intrinsic inhibitory motor-network following high-volume light-load strength training and low-volume heavy-load strength training.

scholarly journals Corticospinal correlates of fast and slow adaptive processes in motor learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 2011-2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adjmal M. E. Sarwary ◽  
Miles Wischnewski ◽  
Dennis J. L. G. Schutter ◽  
Luc P. J. Selen ◽  
W. Pieter Medendorp
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Adaptation Processes ◽  
Adaptation Task ◽  
Adaptation Model

Recent computational theories and behavioral observations suggest that motor learning is supported by multiple adaptation processes, operating on different timescales, but direct neural evidence is lacking. We tested this hypothesis by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation over motor cortex in 16 human subjects during a validated reach adaptation task. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and cortical silent periods (CSPs) were recorded from the biceps brachii to assess modulations of corticospinal excitability as indices for corticospinal plasticity. Guided by a two-state adaptation model, we show that the MEP reflects an adaptive process that learns quickly but has poor retention, while the CSP correlates with a process that responds more slowly but retains information well. These results provide a physiological link between models of motor learning and distinct changes in corticospinal excitability. Our findings support the relationship between corticospinal gain modulations and the adaptive processes in motor learning. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Computational theories and behavioral observations suggest that motor learning is supported by multiple adaptation processes, but direct neural evidence is lacking. We tested this hypothesis by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation over human motor cortex during a reach adaptation task. Guided by a two-state adaptation model, we show that the motor-evoked potential reflects a process that adapts and decays quickly, whereas the cortical silent period reflects slow adaptation and decay.

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